An aftertreatment system for treating constituents of an exhaust gas produced by an engine, comprising: a housing; a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system disposed within the housing; a reductant injector disposed on a sidewall of the housing upstream of the SCR system and configured to insert a reductant into the exhaust gas; and a vortex generator disposed in the housing, the vortex generator comprising at least one deflector disposed on a surface within the housing, the at least one deflector configured to generate vortices in a portion of the exhaust gas flow flowing over the at least one deflector such that the portion of the exhaust gas remains attached to the surface at a downstream location of the surface.

An electric field stirring apparatus, in which a droplet as a liquid disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to face each other is vibrated and stirred by an electric field generated between the first electrode and the second electrode, the second electrode having a groove formed along a first direction on an electrode surface facing the first electrode, includes a movement mechanism that reciprocally moves the first electrode relative to the second electrode in a second direction intersecting the first direction in a state in which the first electrode and the second electrode face each other during a period in which the electric field is generated.

An electric field stirring apparatus, in which a droplet as a liquid disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to face each other is vibrated and stirred by an electric field generated between the first electrode and the second electrode, the second electrode having a groove formed along a first direction on an electrode surface facing the first electrode, includes a movement mechanism that reciprocally moves the first electrode relative to the second electrode in a second direction intersecting the first direction in a state in which the first electrode and the second electrode face each other during a period in which the electric field is generated.

A water treatment system includes a venturi injector including a venturi inlet that intakes water to be treated, a venturi throat including an orifice in fluid communication with a gas source, a discharge electrode integrated into a gas inlet in fluid communication with the orifice for generating a plasma discharge, thereby producing treated water, and a venturi outlet that discharges the treated water.

Apparatus and methods for mixing and dispersing a dispersed phase in a medium comprise a rotating surface for receiving the medium and an atomizing apparatus positioned at the rotating surface for depositing aerosolized constituents of the dispersed phase into the medium. The medium is made receptive and the dispersed phase is aerosolized. Constituents of the aerosolized dispersed phase are deposited into the receptive medium to form a compound or composite. The medium may be deposited onto a rotating disk, and the dispersed phase may be sprayed onto the disk. A thin film can be generated on the disk to transfer, distribute, and disperse the dispersed phase. Liquid ligaments formed at the edge of the rotating disk further transfer, distribute, and disperse the dispersed phase into the medium. Ligaments may be broken into aerosols or deformed by attenuation/drawing to further promote transfer, distribution, and dispersion. A bulk composite/compound may be collected.

Method and associated apparatus (1) for bringing together one or more first bodies comprising a first substance with one or more second bodies comprising a second substance for the purpose of the first and second bodies, or the first and second substances contained therein, chemically and/or physically reacting together. the apparatus (1) comprising: a container (48) containing a dielectric medium (50) comprising one or more dielectric materials. especially one or more dielectric fluids or pseudo-fluids: first means (10N; 30, 36, 14, 10T) for forming the said one or more first bodies comprising the first substance and applying thereto an electric charge of a first polarity. and second means (20N; 30, 38, 24, 20T) for forming the said one or more second bodies comprising the second substance and applying thereto an electric charge of a second polarity. the first polarity being opposite to the second polarity: wherein the first and second forming means (10N, 30, 36, 14, 10T; 20N, 30, 38, 24, 20T) are each arranged for forming the respective said one or more charged first bodies and one or more charged second bodies such that each thereof is located in the said dielectric fluid medium (50) contained in the container (48), and such that the one or more charged first bodies and the one or more oppositely charged second bodies each have a size or width of at least about 0.01 mm or greater. especially of at least about 0.02 or 0.03 or 0.04 or 0.05 mm or greater;: whereby, once formed in the said dielectric medium (50), the oppositely polarised electric charges on the said first and second bodies causes or promotes electrostatic attraction between one or more respective pairs of the one or more first bodies and the one or more second bodies.

An electric field stirring apparatus, in which a droplet as a liquid disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode disposed to face each other is vibrated and stirred by an electric field generated between the first electrode and the second electrode, the second electrode having a groove formed along a first direction on an electrode surface facing the first electrode, includes a movement mechanism that reciprocally moves the first electrode relative to the second electrode in a second direction intersecting the first direction in a state in which the first electrode and the second electrode face each other during a period in which the electric field is generated.

A method and a generator for producing nanobubbles or nanodroplets at ambient conditions; the method comprising: providing a volume for accommodating a liquid; distributing a medium within the liquid, wherein the medium is provided to the volume at ambient conditions; generating an electric field using an electrode in the proximity of the volume for facilitating the generation of nanobubbles or nanodroplets; wherein the electrode and the liquid are not in direct electrical contact to prevent electrolysis occurring within the volume.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for treating wastewater, the method comprising the steps of: providing a vessel for receiving wastewater and a gas, wherein the gas comprises one or more constituent gas components; directing the wastewater and a first gas component of the gas to the vessel; reducing the temperature of the contents of the vessel from a first temperature to a second temperature to facilitate the formation of clathrate hydrates comprising the wastewater and the first gas component; increasing the temperature of the contents of the vessel with respect to the second temperature to facilitate melting of the clathrate hydrates; and removing clean water and/or the first gas component from the vessel.

The present disclosure relates to a system and method for treating wastewater, the method comprising the steps of: providing a vessel for receiving wastewater and a gas, wherein the gas comprises one or more constituent gas components; directing the wastewater and a first gas component of the gas to the vessel; reducing the temperature of the contents of the vessel from a first temperature to a second temperature to facilitate the formation of clathrate hydrates comprising the wastewater and the first gas component; increasing the temperature of the contents of the vessel with respect to the second temperature to facilitate melting of the clathrate hydrates; and removing clean water and/or the first gas component from the vessel.