A mixing apparatus includes a phosphoric acid aqueous solution supply, an additive supply, a tank, a phosphoric acid aqueous solution supply path and an additive supply path. The phosphoric acid aqueous solution supply is configured to supply a phosphoric acid aqueous solution. The additive supply is configured to supply an additive configured to suppress precipitation of a silicon oxide. The phosphoric acid aqueous solution supply path is configured to connect the phosphoric acid aqueous solution supply with the tank. The additive supply path is configured to connect the additive supply with the tank. The additive is supplied while fluidity is imparted to the phosphoric acid aqueous solution supplied from the phosphoric acid aqueous solution supply into the tank.

There is provided methods and systems for disaggregation and deagglomeration of small scale materials such as carbon nanotubes by cavitation of a treatment substance. The treatment substance may be a substance such as CO.sub.2 which is capable of undergoing phase changes. Systems must be capable of withstanding high pressures, and cavitation may be done by ultrasound, mechanical agitation, injection of a jet stream, or other methods. Materials treated via the methods of the invention may be removed without the use of chemical surfactants or other chemical modification means, and may be further used in a battery.

A system for performing a gas-liquid mass transfer includes a container bounding a compartment and having a top wall, a bottom wall, and an encircling sidewall extending therebetween. A tube has a first end and an opposing second end, the first end of the tube being disposed within the compartment of the container. A nozzle is disposed within the compartment of the container and has at least one outlet, the nozzle being coupled with the tube so that a gas can be passed through the tube and out the at least one outlet of the nozzle. The nozzle is sufficiently buoyant so that when a fluid is disposed within the compartment of the container, the nozzle floats on the fluid.

A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

A reactor for coating particles includes a stationary vacuum chamber that has a lower portion that forms a half-cylinder and an upper portion and that holds a bed of particles to be coated, a vacuum port in the upper portion of the chamber, a paddle assembly, and a gas injection assembly that includes a vaporizer to convert a first liquid to a first reactant or precursor gas, a manifold to receive the first reactant or precursor gas from the vaporizer, and a plurality of channels leading from the manifold to a plurality of apertures located in the lower portion of the chamber.

A slurry storage device that stores an aqueous slurry containing a high nickel material prepared by a dispersion device which mixes a powder and a solvent, the device includes a holding unit that holds the aqueous slurry, and a pH value rise suppressing unit that suppresses a rise in a pH value of the aqueous slurry.

A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

A mixer for recirculating ash from solid fuel combustion with hydrated lime and water and to feed the mixture into a desulfurization reactor. The mixer includes a housing having a front wall, two outer vertical sidewalls, a rear wall, a top, and a bottom, the top includes a feed chute configured for the entry and addition of product to the mixer, and the front wall includes an opening for the mixture of product to exit. The mixer also includes a rotatable vertical shaft having an impeller, the impeller having a plurality of blades disposed on the vertical shaft in the same horizontal plane and distributed equidistantly about the circumference of the vertical shaft. The mixer also includes a vertical wall disposed within the housing forming a mixing region and a feeding region that is operably connected to the opening of the front wall.

A method of coating particles includes dispensing particles into a vacuum chamber to form a particle bed in at least a lower portion of the chamber that forms a half-cylinder, evacuating the chamber through a vacuum port in an upper portion of the chamber, rotating a paddle assembly such that a plurality of paddles orbit a drive shaft to stir the particles in the particle bed, injecting a reactant or precursor gas through a plurality of channels into the lower portion of the chamber as the paddle assembly rotates to coat the particles, and injecting the reactant or precursor gas or a purge gas through the plurality of channels at a sufficiently high velocity such that the reactant or precursor a purge gas de-agglomerates particles in the particle bed.

A mixer for recirculating ash from solid fuel combustion with hydrated lime and water and to feed the mixture into a desulfurization reactor. The mixer includes a housing having a front wall, two outer vertical sidewalls, a rear wall, a top, and a bottom, the top includes a feed chute configured for the entry and addition of product to the mixer, and the front wall includes an opening for the mixture of product to exit. The mixer also includes a rotatable vertical shaft having an impeller, the impeller having a plurality of blades disposed on the vertical shaft in the same horizontal plane and distributed equidistantly about the circumference of the vertical shaft. The mixer also includes a vertical wall disposed within the housing forming a mixing region and a feeding region that is operably connected to the opening of the front wall.