An active material useful in an oxidative dehydrogenation reactor system has an active phase, a support phase, and an intermediate composite phase. The active phase includes a transition metal oxide such as manganese oxide, which is reversibly oxidizable and/or reducible between oxidized and reduced states. The support phase includes an oxide of a IUPAC Group 2-14 element. The composite phase is a mixed metal oxide of the transition metal and the Group 2-14 element. The active phase can also include a promoter such as Na-W04 and/or a selectivity modifier such as A1 or ceria. Also, a reactor including the active material in a reactor, a method of making the active material, and a method of using the active material in a regenerative reaction process.

The present invention discloses a catalytic hydrogenation method for carbon nine resin, comprising the following steps: 1) adding a Pt—W—Y/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 catalyst in the first half of a fixed bed, adding a Pd—Zr—Nd/γ-Al.sub.2O.sub.3 catalyst in the second half of the fixed bed, and feeding hydrogen for reduction; and 2) catalytic hydrogenating the pretreated carbon nine resin in the fixed bed. In the present invention, different catalysts capable of reacting under the same catalytic conditions are added in the first and second halves of the fixed bed, and the two different catalysts play different roles, and can be active and complementary to each other under the same conditions. The synergistic effect of the two catalysts plays a good catalytic role. Moreover, the production process is simplified, and the production cost is saved.

A bifunctional catalyst for example for conversion of oxygenates, the bifunctional catalyst comprising zeolite, alumina binder, Zn and P, wherein Zn is present at least partly as ZnAl.sub.2O.sub.4.

A method may include: hydropyrolyzing a bio feedstock in a hydropyrolysis unit to produce at least a hydropyrolysis oil; introducing at least a portion of the hydropyrolysis oil with a hydrocarbon co-feed into a fluidized catalytic cracking unit; and cracking the hydropyrolysis oil in the fluidized catalytic cracking unit to produce at least fuel range hydrocarbons.

An exhaust system for treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The system comprises a modified lean NO.sub.x trap (LNT), a urea injection system, and an ammonia-selective catalytic reduction catalyst. The modified LNT comprises a first layer and a second layer. The first layer comprises a NO.sub.x adsorbent component and one or more platinum group metals. The second layer comprises a diesel oxidation catalyst zone and an NO oxidation zone. The diesel oxidation catalyst zone comprises a platinum group metal, a zeolite, and optionally an alkaline earth metal. The NO oxidation zone comprises a platinum group metal and a carrier. The modified LNT stores NO.sub.x at temperatures below about 200° C. and releases at temperatures above about 200° C. The modified LNT and a method of using the modified LNT are also disclosed.

An exhaust system for an internal combustion engine, the exhaust system comprising, a lean NO.sub.x trap (LNT), a wall flow monolithic substrate having a NO.sub.x storage and reduction zone thereon, the wall flow monolithic substrate having a pre-coated porosity of 40% or greater, the NO.sub.x storage and reduction zone comprising a platinum group metal loaded on a first support, the first support comprising one or more alkaline earth metal compounds, a mixed magnesium/aluminium oxide, cerium oxide, and at least one base metal oxide selected the group consisting of copper oxide, manganese oxide, iron oxide and zinc oxide.

The present invention refers to processes for obtaining steam reforming catalysts containing nickel, cerium, lanthanum and copper oxides, free from potassium or alkali metals, preferably with the oxide layer being located externally with a thickness of less than 0.5 mm on the support particle, preferably the support being based on alumina, magnesium aluminate, hexaaluminates or mixtures thereof. The catalysts according to present invention show high activity, resistance to thermal deactivation and resistance to coke accumulation in the steam reforming reaction of hydrocarbons.

An exhaust gas purification system of the present disclosure includes a first exhaust gas purification device that purifies exhaust gas discharged from an internal combustion engine and a second exhaust gas purification device that additionally purifies the exhaust gas purified by the first exhaust gas purification device, wherein the exhaust gas is exhaust gas with a gaseous composition in which an amount of reducing agents is in excess compared to a stoichiometric gaseous composition and a gaseous composition in which an amount of oxidants is in excess compared to the stoichiometric gaseous composition are alternately switched between, the first exhaust gas purification device includes a three-way catalyst, and the second exhaust gas purification device includes an exhaust gas purification catalyst containing spinel-type MgAl.sub.xFe.sub.2.00−xO.sub.4.00 supporting particles on which Rh is supported, where 0.00<×≤1.50.

There is provided an exhaust gas purification system that allows efficient purification of NOx present in exhaust gas emitted from an internal combustion engine. The exhaust gas purification system of the disclosure comprises a first exhaust gas purification device that purifies exhaust gas emitted from an internal combustion engine, wherein the atmosphere alternately switches between a reducing agent-excess atmosphere and an oxidizing agent-excess atmosphere with respect to the stoichiometric atmosphere, and a second exhaust gas purification device that further purifies the exhaust gas that has been purified by the first exhaust gas purification device, wherein the first exhaust gas purification device has a three-way catalyst, and the second exhaust gas purification device has an exhaust gas purifying catalyst that comprises an AMn.sub.2O.sub.4 spinel-type oxide support (A=Mg, Zn or Li) on which a precious metal is supported.

Disclosed are novel supported nanoparticle compositions, precursors, processes for making supported nanoparticle compositions, processes for making catalyst compositions, and processes for converting syngas. The catalyst composition can comprise nanoparticles comprising metal oxide(s), such as manganese cobalt oxide. This disclosure is particularly useful for converting syngas via the Fischer-Tropsch reactions to make olefins and/or alcohols.