The invention relates to a method for producing an oil rich fraction (OF) from primary feedstock (FS) that comprises water, first salt, second salt, and biomass. The feedstock (FS) is provided to a first reaction zone (Z1) of a conversion reactor (100), where it is allowed to react at a temperature of at least 350° C. in a pressure of at least 160 bar to form converted primary feedstock. The method comprises separating from the converted primary feedstock a first salt rich fraction (SF1), a second salt rich fraction (SF2), and an oil rich fraction (OF). The method comprises withdrawing the oil rich fraction (OF) from the first reaction zone (Z1) and withdrawing the first salt rich fraction (SF1) and the second salt rich fraction (SF2) from the conversion reactor (100). In the method the first salt rich fraction (SF1) comprises at least some of the first salt dissolved in the water, the second salt rich fraction (SF2) comprises at least some of the second salt in solid form, and at least one of the first salt and the second salt is a salt capable of catalysing the reaction of the biomass of the primary feedstock (FS) with the water of the primary feedstock (FS) to produce the oil rich fraction (OF). A device for the same.

A system and method for producing liquid hydrocarbons is disclosed. In one embodiment, the system includes at least one renewable power system configured to generate a DC electric power output; at least one water electrolysis system in electrical communication with the renewable power system and configured to utilize the DC electric power to produce a hydrogen output; and a liquid hydrocarbon synthesis system in fluid communication with the water electrolysis system and configured to utilize the hydrogen output and a carbon dioxide feed to produce a liquid hydrocarbon product.

A method for producing plasmonic nanomaterials that are catalytically or photocatalytically active by fabricating plasmonic nanostructures on substrates using electrodeposition into a nano-template structure and forming a plurality of nanorods in an array, wherein the nanorods are made from materials chosen from the group consisting of materials that are plasmonic and/or catalytic, and materials that are catalytically activated by depositing pure elemental metals, alloys, or alternating layers of different metals or alloys, and producing catalytic plasmonic nanomaterials. Catalytic plasmonic nanomaterials made from the above method. An optical reactor device that utilizes catalytic nanomaterials for photocatalytic synthesis of methanol or ammonia. A method of photocatalytic synthesis of methanol and ammonia by using catalytic plasmonic nanomaterial to convert CO.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to methanol and N.sub.2 and H.sub.2 to ammonia using optical power. A hybrid plasma-plasmonic reactor for the utilization of CO.sub.2 and CH.sub.4 to produce methanol, ethylene, and acetic acid.

A synthetic fuel production system and related techniques are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments, the disclosed system may be configured to produce a liquid fuel using carbon dioxide extracted from the air and hydrogen generated from aqueous solutions by electrochemical means (e.g., water electrolysis). In production of the fuel, the disclosed system may be configured, in accordance with some embodiments, to react the carbon dioxide and hydrogen, for example, to form methanol. The disclosed system also may be configured, in accordance with some embodiments, to utilize one or more subsequent reaction steps to produce a given targeted set of hydrocarbons and partially oxidized hydrocarbons. For example, the disclosed system may be used to produce any one (or combination) of: ethanol; dimethyl ether; formic acid; formaldehyde; alkanes of various chain length; olefines; aliphatic and aromatic carbon compounds; and mixtures thereof, such as gasoline fuels, diesel fuels, and jet fuels.

A system and method for producing liquid hydrocarbons is disclosed. In one embodiment, the system includes at least one renewable power system configured to generate a DC electric power output; at least one water electrolysis system in electrical communication with the renewable power system and configured to utilize the DC electric power to produce a hydrogen output; and a liquid hydrocarbon synthesis system in fluid communication with the water electrolysis system and configured to utilize the hydrogen output and a carbon dioxide feed to produce a liquid hydrocarbon product.

Contemplated systems and methods for hydrogen production use a solar heliostat system as an energy source to produce hydrogen during daytime, and employ molten salt as an energy source to produce hydrogen during nighttime.

The present invention relates to process intensification, and renewable processing routes for polymer production, for example the solar production of Nylon 6,6 and precursors relevant for the Nylon 6,6 production (such as hydrogen, adiponitrile and hexanediamine). The invention deals with the integration of solar energy into the process, specifically aims at petrochemical-free processing, and deals with reformulation of traditional (linear) processes into circular (closed cycle) processing approaches and sustainable processes.

A synthetic fuel production system and related techniques are disclosed. In accordance with some embodiments, the disclosed system may be configured to produce a liquid fuel using carbon dioxide extracted from the air and hydrogen generated from aqueous solutions by electrochemical means (e.g., water electrolysis). In production of the fuel, the disclosed system may be configured, in accordance with some embodiments, to react the carbon dioxide and hydrogen, for example, to form methanol. The disclosed system also may be configured, in accordance with some embodiments, to utilize one or more subsequent reaction steps to produce a given targeted set of hydrocarbons and partially oxidized hydrocarbons. For example, the disclosed system may be used to produce any one (or combination) of: ethanol; dimethyl ether; formic acid; formaldehyde; alkanes of various chain length; olefines; aliphatic and aromatic carbon compounds; and mixtures thereof, such as gasoline fuels, diesel fuels, and jet fuels.

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical waterthereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., neodiesel), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usagethereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products.

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical waterthereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., neodiesel), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usagethereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products.