A synthesis device comprises a reaction vessel configured to contain a number of carriers and to which a solution is configured to be supplied, and a gas supplier configured to supply a gas to the reaction vessel to stir the solution and the carriers.

Apparatus for treating water is provided where the apparatus includes a reaction chamber having an air-water interface and a plasma applicator disposed in air in proximity to the air-water interface. The plasma applicator includes a solid dielectric plate sandwiched between a first electrode and a second electrode, where the first electrode is closer to the water than the second electrode. The plasma applicator further includes a first insulating layer disposed on the first electrode. The apparatus is configured to generate a plasma between the first insulating layer and the air-water interface during operation.

Disclosed are embodiments of a reaction structure which has a gas phase electrode array integrated with defoamer, a container, a head space gas, bulk liquid, and a liquid phase electrode array with integrated gas bubbler, which emits process gas. There is a plasma discharge from the gas phase electrode array integrated with defoamer. The bulk liquid contains per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) chemicals, including short chain PFAS, which are degraded. In embodiments, a secondary plasma discharge can occur from the liquid phase electrode array with integrated gas bubbler. This secondary plasma discharge can be effective at degrading short-chain PFAS, which has a hard time gaining exposure to the plasma discharge formed from the gas phase electrode array integrated with defoamer. Also disclosed are embodiments of a process of use of the reaction structure to degrade PFAS.