The invention provides an amphiphilic coating for the direct and rapid synthesis of an array of peptides and small molecular compounds on a planar surface of a solid support, comprising a hydrophilic chemical structure and a lipophilic group, wherein said peptides and small molecular compounds differ from spot to spot from each other in the chemical structure, characterized in that said amphiphilic coating possesses low wettability to polar aprotic solvents used in the array synthesis; said amphiphilic coating possessing low wettability is designed that it can be converted to a coating possessing high wettability by hydrolysis of the lipophilic group; and said amphiphilic coating comprises an amino group for the reaction with an electrophilic reagent. The invention further provides a solid support comprising said amphiphilic coating and a method for method for the direct and rapid synthesis of an array of peptides and small molecular compounds on a planar surface of a solid support, wherein said planar surface of a solid support comprises said amphiphilic coating. Said method includes the enhancing of the wettability of a glass surface to organic solvents to realize automated on-demand biomolecular array synthesis comprising both, peptides and small molecular compounds. The amphiphilic surface can be switched to a hydrophilic surface, resulting in high density arrays suitable for protein- and cell-based screening.

Methods and compositions are disclosed relating to the localization of nucleic acids to arrays such as silane-free arrays, and of sequencing the nucleic acids localized thereby.

Paper-based single cell arrays are provided, as well as methods of making and using the arrays. The invention provides a low cost, high-throughput platform to detect and quantify different types of DNA damage at point-of-care without expensive equipment or highly trained personnel. Ordinary paper can be covered with multiple layers of common printing ink and micro-patterned to form discrete and ordered arrays capable of binding a single cell, which are then lysed and imaged. The platform allows quick and inexpensive testing of multiple anti-cancer treatment options for a particular patient. The invention can make cancer treatment personalized and more effective, even in low-resource settings.

There is disclosed an electrode array device having an adsorbed porous reaction layer for improved synthesis quality. The array comprises a plurality of electrodes on a substrate, wherein the electrodes are electronically connected to a computer control system. The array has an adsorbed porous reaction layer on the plurality of electrodes, wherein the adsorbed porous reaction layer comprises a chemical species having at least one hydroxyl group. In the preferred embodiment, the reaction layer is sucrose. A method for preparing an electrode array for improved synthesis quality is disclosed. The method comprises a cleaning method and a method of attachment of a reaction layer. The cleaning method comprises a plasma cleaning method and a chemical cleaning method. The reaction layer is attached after cleaning by exposing the microarray to a solution containing the chemical species having at least one hydroxyl group.

A method for patterning flow cell substrates using photo-initiated chemical reactions that includes fabricating a planar waveguide flow cell by forming a layer of light coupling gratings on a glass substrate layer; depositing a core layer on the layer of light coupling gratings; depositing a cladding layer on the core layer; and forming nanowells in the cladding layer; silanizing the cladding layer; coating the silanized cladding layer and nanowells with a first group of reactants; introducing a second group of reactants into the nanowells, wherein the second group of reactants includes a target reactant and a light-sensitive photoinitiator system; coupling a light source to the light coupling gratings and directing light internally within the planar waveguide flow cell for photo-initiating a chemical reaction between the first and second groups of reactants, wherein the photo-initiated chemical reaction covalently binds the target reactant to only the bottom portion of each nanowell.

Methods and compositions are disclosed relating to the localization of nucleic acids to arrays such as silane-free arrays, and of sequencing the nucleic acids localized thereby.

Methods of producing substrates having selected active chemical regions by employing elements of the substrates in assisting the localization of active chemical groups in desired regions of the substrate. The methods may include optical, chemical and/or mechanical processes for the deposition, removal, activation and/or deactivation of chemical groups in selected regions of the substrate to provide selective active regions of the substrate.

Methods of producing substrates having selected active chemical regions by employing elements of the substrates in assisting the localization of active chemical groups in desired regions of the substrate. The methods may include optical, chemical and/or mechanical processes for the deposition, removal, activation and/or deactivation of chemical groups in selected regions of the substrate to provide selective active regions of the substrate.

A gene chip includes a chip carrier, a plurality of DNA nanoballs assembled on the chip carrier, and a polymer film formed on the chip carrier and wrapping the DNA nanoballs. The polymer film includes at least one of a film of a positively charged polymer, a film of a positively charged polymer which is modified, a film of a zwitterionic polymer, and a composite polymer film. The composite polymer film is formed by a layer-by-layer self-assembly process of a positively charged polymer and a negatively charged polymer. The gene chip has good sequencing quality and different functions can be achieved by coating with different polymers, such as the chip surface rapidly drying out and surface non-specific adsorption. A method of preparing a gene chip is further disclosed.

Methods and compositions are disclosed relating to the localization of nucleic acids to arrays such as silane-free arrays, and of sequencing the nucleic acids localized thereby.