A device includes a catalytic system and an electromagnetic system. The catalytic system defines a catalysis chamber and includes a catalyst of a reaction to generate a gas from a liquid. The catalyst is housed in the catalysis chamber. The electromagnetic system includes a coil and a rod mobile relative to the coil, the rod being fixed to the catalytic system and including a magnet and a core. The electromagnetic system is configured to move the rod relative to the coil when an electrical current is passed through the coil, so as to dispose the catalytic system in an open position in which the catalysis chamber is in fluidic communication with the outside. The catalytic system is disposed in a closed position in which the catalysis chamber is hermetically closed in the absence of an electrical current through the coil.

A barrel reactor (100) comprises a rotatable barrel (102); a first roller (110) located outside of the barrel (102) and arranged to facilitate rotation of the barrel, wherein the roller (110) comprises at least part of a first electrode; and a second electrode (120). A plasma is formed between the electrodes (110, 120). The second electrode (120) may also comprise a roller and the barrel (102) may be mounted on the rollers (110, 120). The spacing between, or positions of, the electrodes (110, 120) may be adjusted so as to accommodate different barrels (102) and/or to change the plasma distribution within the barrel (102).

Device including a catalytic system and an electromagnetic system, the catalytic system defining a catalysis chamber and including a catalyst of a reaction to generate a gas from a liquid, the catalyst being housed in the catalysis chamber, the electromagnetic system including a coil and a rod mobile relative to the coil, the rod being fixed to the catalytic system and including a magnet and a core, the electromagnetic system being configured to move the rod relative to the coil when an electrical current is passed through the coil, so as to dispose the catalytic system in an open position in which the catalysis chamber is in fluidic communication with the outside, the catalytic system being disposed in a closed position in which the catalysis chamber is hermetically closed in the absence of an electrical current through the coil.

A method, system and equipment (31) for activating biochar (29) includes flowing a reactive gas into a chamber (33; 305), using an electrical field to create a plasma (75) in the chamber, using a magnetic field (105) to increase density of the plasma and activating biochar with the plasma in the chamber. Use of inductive magnetic coil(s) (131) with an essentially closed loop magnetic field, and/or a permanent magnet(s) (101; 317) are also provided in a further aspect of the present method and apparatus. Another aspect causes magnetic densification of one or multiple plasmas in a chamber (305) to treat a previously produced layer of thin film (303).

A barrel reactor (100) comprises a rotatable barrel (102); a first roller (110) located outside of the barrel (102) and arranged to facilitate rotation of the barrel, wherein the roller (110) comprises at least part of a first electrode; and a second electrode (120). A plasma is formed between the electrodes (110, 120). The second electrode (120) may also comprise a roller and the barrel (102) may be mounted on the rollers (110, 120). The spacing between, or positions of, the electrodes (110, 120) may be adjusted so as to accommodate different barrels (102) and/or to change the plasma distribution within the barrel (102).

The present embodiments include systems and methods for converting ortho hydrogen to para hydrogen using, for example, a heat exchange wall that may be coated with a catalyst material.