The present invention relates to a process for producing a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst wherein from 15 to 40 mol. % of the cobalt thereon is in the form of cobalt oxide. The present invention also relates to a start-up process for a reduced-and-passivated cobalt-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, wherein from 15 to 40 mol. % of the cobalt thereon is in the form of cobalt oxide and the reduced-and-passivated catalyst is activated by contacting the catalyst with a syngas stream.

The present invention relates to a process for producing a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst wherein from 15 to 40 mol. % of the cobalt thereon is in the form of cobalt oxide. The present invention also relates to a start-up process for a reduced-and-passivated cobalt-containing Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, wherein from 15 to 40 mol. % of the cobalt thereon is in the form of cobalt oxide and the reduced-and-passivated catalyst is activated by contacting the catalyst with a syngas stream.

Claimed herein is a method of applying amorphous Co—SiOx to activate PMS and produce SO.sub.4..sup.− due to the formation of Co(II)-O.sub.v, pairs via the substitution of Si by Co. The inherent Co significantly change the electronic structure of O and Si atoms in the Co—SiOx via final state effects and increase the conductivity in terms of more effective electron transfers. The claimed method using Co—SiOx functions as a more effective oxidative catalyst for the faster degradation of pollutants. The simplicity of the synthetic procedures indicates that the conductive Co—SiOx could be used for the activation of PMS and other electrochemical applications on a wider scale.

Claimed herein is a method of applying amorphous Co—SiOx to activate PMS and produce SO.sub.4..sup.− due to the formation of Co(II)-O.sub.v, pairs via the substitution of Si by Co. The inherent Co significantly change the electronic structure of O and Si atoms in the Co—SiOx via final state effects and increase the conductivity in terms of more effective electron transfers. The claimed method using Co—SiOx functions as a more effective oxidative catalyst for the faster degradation of pollutants. The simplicity of the synthetic procedures indicates that the conductive Co—SiOx could be used for the activation of PMS and other electrochemical applications on a wider scale.

A layered catalyst reactor system and process for hydrotreatment of hydrocarbon feedstocks. The layered catalyst system reactors comprise vertical bed layers including a demetallization catalyst layer, multiple layers of supported hydrotreating catalyst layer, and multiple alternating layers of supported hydrocracking catalysts and self-supported hydrotreating catalysts. The arrangement of the catalyst layers mitigates the risk of temperature run-aways, with improvements in hydrotreatment performance.

A reactor system for carrying out an endothermic catalytic chemical reaction in a given temperature range upon bringing a reactant into contact with a catalyst material. The reactor system includes a reactor unit arranged to accommodate catalyst material including one or more ferromagnetic macroscopic supports susceptible for induction heating where the one or more ferromagnetic macroscopic supports are ferromagnetic at temperatures up to an upper limit of the given temperature range. The one or more ferromagnetic macroscopic supports are coated with an oxide, and the oxide is impregnated with catalytically active particles. The reactor system moreover includes an induction coil arranged to be powered by a power source supplying alternating current and being positioned so as to generate an alternating magnetic field within the reactor unit upon energization by the power source, whereby the catalyst material is heated to a temperature within the temperature range by the alternating magnetic field.

A reactor system for carrying out an endothermic catalytic chemical reaction in a given temperature range upon bringing a reactant into contact with a catalyst material. The reactor system includes a reactor unit arranged to accommodate catalyst material including one or more ferromagnetic macroscopic supports susceptible for induction heating where the one or more ferromagnetic macroscopic supports are ferromagnetic at temperatures up to an upper limit of the given temperature range. The one or more ferromagnetic macroscopic supports are coated with an oxide, and the oxide is impregnated with catalytically active particles. The reactor system moreover includes an induction coil arranged to be powered by a power source supplying alternating current and being positioned so as to generate an alternating magnetic field within the reactor unit upon energization by the power source, whereby the catalyst material is heated to a temperature within the temperature range by the alternating magnetic field.

The present invention relates to: oxygen carrier particles having a metal oxide-perovskite core-shell structure; and a chemical-looping thermochemical water/carbon dioxide splitting process using the same. By using the oxygen carrier particles having a metal oxide-perovskite core-shell structure in the chemical-looping thermochemical water/carbon dioxide splitting process, it is possible to produce hydrogen/carbon monoxide from water/carbon dioxide in high yield by efficiently overcoming the disadvantages of conventionally used oxygen carrier particles.

The present invention relates to: oxygen carrier particles having a metal oxide-perovskite core-shell structure; and a chemical-looping thermochemical water/carbon dioxide splitting process using the same. By using the oxygen carrier particles having a metal oxide-perovskite core-shell structure in the chemical-looping thermochemical water/carbon dioxide splitting process, it is possible to produce hydrogen/carbon monoxide from water/carbon dioxide in high yield by efficiently overcoming the disadvantages of conventionally used oxygen carrier particles.

A method of making stable aqueous dispersions and concentrates of cobalt oxide nanoparticles is described, wherein a reaction mixture comprising cobalt(II) ion, a carboxylic acid, a base, an oxidant and water is formed, and in which cobalt oxide nanoparticles are formed. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles ranging in average crystallite size from about 4 nm to 15 nm are described. The cobalt oxide nanoparticles may be isolated and redispersed to form stable, homogeneous, aqueous dispersions of cobalt oxide nanoparticles containing from about 1 to about 20 weight percent cobalt oxide.