A petroleum hydrocarbon multi-stage fluid catalytic reaction method and reactor are described. The method implements a sectional multi-stage reaction in one reactor and comprises primary-stage and secondary-stage catalytic cracking reactions of feedstock oil and primary-stage and secondary-stage catalytic cracking reactions of light hydrocarbons and/or cycle oil, which occur in different reaction regions of the reactor. The primary-stage reaction of the light hydrocarbon and/or circulation oil is carried out in an independent reaction region. The reactor comprises a first reaction section, a catalyst splitter, a third reaction section, a second reaction section and a settler.

A process for commencing a continuous reaction in a reactor system includes introducing a catalyst to a catalyst processing portion of the reactor system, the catalyst initially having a first temperature of 500 C or less, and contacting the catalyst at the first temperature with a commencement fuel gas stream, which includes at least 80 mol % commencement fuel gas, in the catalyst processing portion. Contacting of the catalyst with the commencement fuel gas stream causes combustion of the commencement fuel gas. The process includes maintaining the contacting of the catalyst with the commencement fuel gas stream until the temperature of the catalyst increases from the first temperature to a second temperature at which combustion of a regenerator fuel source maintains an operating temperature range in the catalyst processing portion.

A system for reducing carbon dioxide emissions from a flue gas generated via combusting a fossil fuel is provided. The system includes a calcination chamber and a sealing-purger. The calcination chamber is configured to receive a plurality of loaded sorbent particles and a plurality of heat-transferring particles such that the loaded sorbent particles are heated within the calcination chamber so as to release carbon dioxide. The sealing-purger includes at least one gravity driven moving particle bed. The at least one gravity driven moving particle bed allows the plurality of heat-transferring particles or the plurality of sorbent particles to enter or leave the calcination chamber while restricting the flue gas from entering the calcination chamber and the released carbon dioxide particles from leaving the calcination chamber.

A reactor for drying and torrefaction, configured for torrefying biomass, including a chamber in which two separate areas are delimited, a mechanism for mixing and transferring biomass from one end of the chamber to the other, a drying device in an upstream area of the chamber configured to dry the biomass introduced into the reactor, a torrefaction device in a downstream area of the chamber configured to torrefy biomass dried in the upstream area, and a transfer and sealing system configured to allow dried biomass to be transferred from the upstream area to the downstream area at time intervals, and to make the two areas mutually sealed during each interval. Such a reactor may, for example, find application to torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass.

Apparatuses and methods are provided for regenerating catalyst particles. In one embodiment, a method for regenerating catalyst particles includes passing the catalyst particles through a halogenation zone and a drying zone. The method feeds drying gas to the drying zone and passes a first portion of the drying gas from the drying zone to the halogenation zone. The method includes removing a second portion of the drying gas from the drying zone and injecting a halogen gas into the second portion of the drying gas. Further, the method includes delivering the halogen gas and the second portion of the drying gas to the halogenation zone. In the method, substantially all of the drying gas fed to the drying zone enters the halogenation zone.

A system for hydrocarbon decomposition comprising a reactor volume, a mechanism to distribute the liquid catalyst as a liquid mist, a distributor to distribute a hydrocarbon reactant, a heat source, a separator to separate the solid product from the liquid catalyst, a re-circulation path and mechanism to re-circulate the liquid catalyst, and an outlet for at least one gaseous product. A system to distribute a liquid to an enclosed volume as a mist has a plurality of orifices designed to break the liquid into a mist. A method to decompose a hydrocarbon reactant includes generating a mist of a liquid catalyst, heating the reactor volume, introducing a hydrocarbon reactant into the reactor volume to produce a solid product and a gaseous product, separating the solid product from the liquid catalyst, removing the solid and gaseous products from the reactor volume, and recirculating the liquid catalyst to the reactor volume.

A liquid-solid axial moving bed reaction and regeneration apparatus and a solid acid alkylation process by using the liquid-solid axial moving bed reaction and regeneration apparatus. the liquid-solid axial moving bed reaction and regeneration apparatus comprise:

An axial moving bed reactor (1), a spent catalyst receiver (5), a catalyst regenerator (4) and a regenerated catalyst receiver (6) that are successively connected, wherein, a catalyst outlet of the regenerated catalyst receiver (6) is communicated with a catalyst inlet of the axial moving bed reactor (1);

Wherein, the axial moving bed reactor (1) is provided with at least two catalyst beds (3) arranged up and down, the axial moving bed reactor (1) is provided with a feed inlet (2) above each catalyst bed (3);

A catalyst delivery pipe (16) is arranged between two adjacent catalyst beds (3) so that the catalyst can move from top to bottom in the axial moving bed reactor (1);

A separation component (10) is provided between two adjacent catalyst beds (3), the inside space of the separation component (10) is communicated with the catalyst delivery pipe (16), the separation component (10) is for separating the stream after the reaction in the upstream catalyst bed from the catalyst, the catalyst obtained by the separation with the separation component (10) moves down through the catalyst delivery pipe (16).

A liquid-solid radial moving bed reaction apparatus and a solid acid alkylation process by using the liquid-solid radial moving bed reaction apparatus, the liquid-solid radial moving bed reaction apparatus comprises:

A radial moving bed reactor, a spent catalyst receiver, a catalyst regenerator, and a regenerated catalyst receiver that are successively connected, wherein the catalyst discharging outlet of the regenerated catalyst receiver is communicated with the catalyst inlet of the radial moving bed reactor; a reaction stream distribution zone, a catalyst bed, and a stream-after-the-reaction collection zone are arranged in the radial moving bed reactor from the inside to the outside or from the outside to the inside, the reaction stream distribution zone is communicated with the reaction stream feeding pipeline; the stream-after-the-reaction collection zone is communicated with the stream-after-the-reaction withdrawing pipe;

A component-based mixer is arranged on the reaction stream feeding pipeline; the component-based mixer consists of an upper recycled stream pipe, a lower reaction stream feeding pipe, and a fresh feedstock feeding pipe extending into the reaction stream feeding pipeline, a nozzle of the feeding pipe is arranged at the outlet of the fresh feedstock feeding pipe, a filler and/or a mixing fin is arranged in the reaction stream feeding pipeline, wherein the component-based mixer is located out of the radial moving bed reactor.

An apparatus to decompose a hydrocarbon reactant into a gaseous product and a solid product includes a reactor volume, a reservoir of liquid material, a plurality of nozzles connected to the reservoir of liquid material, the plurality of nozzles configured to distribute the liquid material into the reactor volume from the reservoir as a liquid mist, a gas inlet connected to a hydrocarbon gas source to receive hydrocarbon gas reactant, a distributor connected to the inlet to distribute the hydrocarbon gas reactant into the reactor volume, a heat source located adjacent the reactor volume configured to heat the reactor volume, a separator to separate the solid product from the liquid material, a re-circulation path connected between the reactor volume and the reservoir to re-circulate the liquid material from the reactor volume to the reservoir, a gas outlet connected to the reactor volume configured to outlet hydrogen gas from the reactor volume, and at least one filter connected to the gas outlet to remove entrained solid product from the hydrogen gas.

A method to decompose a hydrocarbon reactant into a gaseous product and a solid product includes generating a mist of a liquid material within a reactor volume, heating the reactor volume, introducing a hydrocarbon reactant into the reactor volume to produce a solid product and a gaseous product, separating the solid product from the liquid material, removing the solid product and gaseous product from the reactor volume, and recirculating the liquid material be re-introduced to the reactor volume.