A method of producing a substrate includes: applying a composition on a metal basal plate to form a coating film; and forming a metal-containing layer on at least a part of the coating film. The composition contains a solvent, and a polymer having a first terminal structure and a second terminal structure in a single molecule. Each of the first terminal structure and the second terminal structure is at least one selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by formula (1) and a structure represented by formula (2). A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each independently represent a monovalent group having a functional group capable of forming a chemical bond with a metal atom. L.sup.2 represents —S—, —NR—, or —NA.sup.22-, wherein A.sup.22 represents a monovalent group having a functional group capable of forming a chemical bond with a metal atom. ##STR00001##

A coating film forming method includes: rotating a substrate at a first rotation speed in a coating cup with an upper surface open, and supplying and diffusing a coating solution for forming a coating film on the substrate; and after the supplying and diffusing the coating solution, drying the substrate by exhausting air through a gap between an annular member arranged above the substrate with centers thereof being located on a same axis and the front surface of the substrate, while rotating the substrate at a second rotation speed lower than the first rotation speed, wherein at the drying the substrate, a flow velocity of the air exhausted through the gap is higher than a flow velocity of air supplied from above the substrate in the coating cup to the substrate.

A film formation method includes: preparing a substrate including, on its surface, a first region in which a first material is exposed and a second region in which a second material different from the first material is exposed; selectively forming a self-assembled monolayer in the first region, among the first region and the second region; and forming a desired target film in the second region, among the first region and the second region, by using the self-assembled monolayer formed in the first region, wherein the selectively forming the self-assembled monolayer includes: selectively forming the self-assembled monolayer in the first region by using a first processing liquid including a first raw material of the self-assembled monolayer; and modifying the self-assembled monolayer, by using a second processing liquid including a second raw material of the self-assembled monolayer at a concentration different from a concentration of the first processing liquid.

The infrared cut filter of the present invention includes an organic dye-containing layer and a copper phosphonate-containing layer containing fine particles of copper phosphonate. The organic dye-containing layer contains an organic dye so as to have a spectral transmittance that decreases from 70% or more to 50% or less with increasing wavelength in a wavelength range between a wavelength 50 nm shorter than a cut-off wavelength of the infrared cut filter and a wavelength 50 nm longer than the cut-off wavelength of the infrared cut filter.

A method of making a reference electrode assembly for an electrochemical cell according to various aspects of the present disclosure includes providing a subassembly including a separator layer and a current collector layer coupled to the separator layer. The method further includes providing an electrode ink including an electroactive material, a binder, and a solvent. The method further includes creating a reference electrode precursor by applying an electroactive precursor layer to the current collector layer. The electroactive precursor layer covers greater than or equal to about 90% of a superficial surface area of a surface of the current collector layer. The electroactive precursor layer includes the electrode ink. The method further includes creating the reference electrode assembly by drying the electroactive precursor layer to remove at least a portion of the solvent, thereby forming an electroactive layer. The electroactive layer is solid and porous.

A method of protecting an in-vivo sensor includes forming a sensing surface on a surface of the in-vivo sensor, the sensing surface including a functionalized monolayer that will bind to an analyte of interest; and coating the sensing surface of the sensor with a bioabsorbable polymeric coating including a bioabsorbable polymer; wherein the bioabsorbable polymeric coating is configured to protect the in-vivo sensor until needed for implantation.

There is provided a three-dimensional structure in which a multilayer film is three-dimensionally curved to form an interior space. The multilayer film includes a layer containing a carbon monoatomic layer substance, a support layer, and a curve induction layer that induces a curved structure, where the layer containing the carbon monoatomic layer substance is in contact with the interior space, and the support layer is positioned between the layer containing the carbon monoatomic layer substance and the curve induction layer.

A coating technique and a priming material are provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the coating technique includes receiving a substrate and identifying a material of the substrate upon which a layer is to be formed. A priming material is dispensed on the material of the substrate, and a film-forming material is applied to the priming material. The priming material includes a molecule containing a first group based on an attribute of the substrate material and a second group based on an attribute of the film-forming material. Suitable attributes of the substrate material and the film-forming material include water affinity and degree of polarity and the first and second groups may be selected to have a water affinity or degree of polarity that corresponds to that of the substrate material and the film-forming material, respectively.

A quantum dot light-emitting diode substrate having a bonding layer and a method of preparing the same are provided. The quantum dot light-emitting diode substrate including a plurality of sub-pixel light-emitting regions, wherein each of the sub-pixel light-emitting regions includes a light-emitting layer including a bonding layer and a quantum dot bonded to the bonding layer. The quantum dot light-emitting diode substrate can be prepared with high resolution by a convenient process, and is suitable for mass production.

A method for arranging nanotube elements within nanotube fabric layers and films is disclosed. A directional force is applied over a nanotube fabric layer to render the fabric layer into an ordered network of nanotube elements. That is, a network of nanotube elements drawn together along their sidewalls and substantially oriented in a uniform direction. In some embodiments this directional force is applied by rolling a cylindrical element over the fabric layer. In other embodiments this directional force is applied by passing a rubbing material over the surface of a nanotube fabric layer. In other embodiments this directional force is applied by running a polishing material over the nanotube fabric layer for a predetermined time. Exemplary rolling, rubbing, and polishing apparatuses are also disclosed.