Systems, devices, and methods including: a relay, the relay comprising: at least one contact; a reflector attached to at least one contact; a sensor, the sensor comprising: an emitter configured to emit a pulse; a detector configured to receive a portion of the emitted pulse; where the reflector may be configured to reflect at least a portion of the emitted pulse to be received by the detector when the at least one contact may be in at least one of: an open position and a closed position

According to one aspect, a lidar system is a lidar system which includes one set of mechanical, e.g., optical, components, and two or more sets of electrical and/or software components. The beams which are provided by the optical components are effectively alternated between a first and second sets of electrical and/or software components. The redundancy provided by the first and second sets of electrical and/or software components allows the lidar system to remain operational in the event that one set of electrical and/or software components becomes non-operational.

Systems and methods for storing energy for use by an electric vehicle are disclosed. Systems can include an electric vehicle battery pack including a rack configured to couple a plurality of independently removable battery strings to the vehicle, the battery strings configured to be selectively coupled in parallel to a vehicle power bus. The battery strings may include a housing, a plurality of electrochemical cells disposed within the housing, a circuit for electrically connecting the electrochemical cells, a positive high-voltage connector, a negative high-voltage connector, a switch within the housing, and a string control unit configured to control the switch. Each battery string can include a coolant inlet and a coolant outlet configured to couple with and sealingly uncouple from an external coolant supply conduit and an external coolant return conduit, and an auxiliary connector configured to couple with an external communications system and/or an external low-voltage power supply.

The disclosed technology provides solutions for validating operation of a sensor assembly by performing an assembly test. In some aspects, a process of performing the assembly test includes steps for collecting motor controller measurements, wherein the motor controller measurements include an amount of current supplied to a motor coupled when performing a sensor sweep, calculating an average current drawn by the motor based on the current measurements, and calculating a peak current drawn by the motor based on the current measurements. In some aspects, the process can further include steps for determining if the sensor assembly passes the sensor assembly test based on the average current drawn and the peak current drawn. Systems and machine-readable media are also provided.

A method of detecting a thermal event associated with a battery assembly of an electrified vehicle includes, among other things, obtaining a temperature reading from a sensor associated with an area of the battery assembly, assessing whether the sensor is flagged with a first identifier or a second identifier. The first identifier indicates that the temperature reading is reliable. The second identifier indicates that the temperature reading is unreliable. If the sensor is flagged with the first identifier, the method detects a thermal event associated with the battery assembly based on the temperature reading from the sensor.

Power supply system mounted in electric vehicle includes voltage measurement unit that measures a voltage of each of a plurality of cells to ensure both safety of an electric vehicle and convenience of a user. Current measurement unit therein measures a current flowing through the plurality of cells. Temperature measurement unit therein measures a temperature of the plurality of cells. Controller therein determines a current limit value defining an upper limit of a current for suppressing cell deterioration and ensuring safety based on the voltage, the current, and the temperature of each of the plurality of cells measured by voltage measurement unit, current measurement unit, and temperature measurement unit respectively, and that notifies a higher-level controller in electric vehicle of the determined current limit value.

An electric vehicle includes a traction motor, an inverter that supplies the motor with an alternating current, three current sensors that respectively measure current of each phase of the alternating current output by the inverter, the alternating current being a three phase alternating current; and a controller that controls the motor through the inverter. The controller is configured to, when one of the current sensors becomes unusable, identify the unusable current sensor while controlling the motor with a d-axis voltage command value set to zero and a q-axis voltage command value set to a non-zero value.

Upon detecting a current balise, an onboard system of a train calculates a speed curve based on measured traveling speed at a timing of the detection and sets a minimum required time period for traveling to each of a next balise and a balise subsequent to the next balise. Upon detecting the next balise, the onboard system compares a traveling time period from the timing of detecting the current balise to the timing of detecting the next balise with the set minimum required time period. The onboard system activates an emergency brake when the elapsed time period is shorter than the minimum required time period to stop the train.

An in-vehicle system is provided with a front J/B and a first voltage detection unit. The front J/B has a main relay unit, a second voltage detection unit, and a second MCU. Based on detection results detected by the first voltage detection unit and a second voltage detection unit when the main relay unit is subjected to on/off operations, the second MCU monitors whether each of the main relay unit, the first voltage detection unit, and the second voltage detection unit has abnormality or not.

The invention relates to a method for determining shifts in position in at least two different spatial directions between a first element and a second element which are movable relative to each other, with at least two sensors which measure contactlessly and are spaced, in the at least two different spatial directions, from at least two standards which are fixed to the second element, sensor areas of the at least two sensors opposing the at least two standards in the respective spatial direction and sensing said standards, wherein: —the at least two sensors scan the at least two standards and generate, in interaction with the at least two standards, output signals with which in combination an absolute position of the second element is determined, said absolute position being associated with a linear movement in a further spatial direction or with a rotary movement, and —wherein the output signals of the at least two sensors are also used to determine values which characterise the distance between the respective sensor and the corresponding standard of the second element in the associated spatial direction, are corrected as a function of the determined absolute position of the second element, and from which the shift in position of the second element relative to the first element in the respective spatial direction is determined.