A battery pack is provided that includes battery cell magazines and a battery management system to control charging and discharging of the associated battery pack. The battery cell magazines may include a magazine housing and associated battery cells. The magazine housing may define a plurality of battery cell recesses to receive the battery cells. The battery management system may be configured to balance the state of charge of a battery stack of battery packs. Methods for balancing a state of charge of battery packs of a battery stack are also provided, as are systems for lifting a battery stack.

A battery pack is provided that includes battery cell magazines and a battery management system to control charging and discharging of the associated battery pack. The battery cell magazines may include a magazine housing and associated battery cells. The magazine housing may define a plurality of battery cell recesses to receive the battery cells. The battery management system may be configured to balance the state of charge of a battery stack of battery packs. Methods for balancing a state of charge of battery packs of a battery stack are also provided, as are systems for lifting a battery stack.

The present disclosure provides a system and method for selecting a battery pack that is used to pre-charge a high-voltage DC bus of an electric vehicle. A round-robin architecture is disclosed that prevents repeat selection of battery packs in order to prevent burnout of a resistor of the battery pack resulting from rapid subsequent pre-charging events. The system and method provided includes an easy solution that is scalable to a system with any number of battery packs, does not require any additional hardware, and is an inexpensive technique to protect an expensive component of the electric vehicle.

A controller discharges a traction battery according to power limits defined by output that is indicative of a state of charge of the traction battery and is updated by a bar delta filter according to a balancing current. The balancing current is associated with each cell of a string of series connected cells of the traction battery and represents a deviation of an estimated current through the cell from a total current of the string.

A controller discharges a traction battery according to power limits defined by output that is indicative of a state of charge of the traction battery and is updated by a bar delta filter according to a balancing current. The balancing current is associated with each cell of a string of series connected cells of the traction battery and represents a deviation of an estimated current through the cell from a total current of the string.

A powertrain for an electric vehicle has a driveshaft connected to two or more motors where each motor is connected to a battery pack associated with that motor. A controller is used to select one or more motors to be energized for propulsion or used for regenerative braking to recharge the battery pack to which it is coupled. The controller can optimize the state of charge (SOC) difference of the battery packs and provide for a smooth and efficient powering of the vehicle for acceleration and climbing and optimize the range of the vehicle by management of the relative SOC of the battery packs. The electric vehicle can include two or more fuel cells that individually coupled to a motor.

A system and a method of controlling a solar roof of a vehicle are provided. The system includes a solar cell panel and a controller that controls charging of a main battery and an auxiliary battery using power generated from the solar cell panel. A light amount sensor senses the amount of light collected in the solar cell panel and a temperature sensor measures a surface temperature of the solar cell panel.

A system and a method of controlling a solar roof of a vehicle are provided. The system includes a solar cell panel and a controller that controls charging of a main battery and an auxiliary battery using power generated from the solar cell panel. A light amount sensor senses the amount of light collected in the solar cell panel and a temperature sensor measures a surface temperature of the solar cell panel.

A battery system includes at least one battery including a plurality of cells and a hybrid control module configured to monitor a differential capacity of the at least one battery, determine when the monitored differential capacity of the at least one battery corresponds to a predetermined differential capacity of the at least one battery, and determine a state of charge of the battery in response to the determination that the monitored differential capacity corresponds to the predetermined differential capacity.

A method for predicting an electric load imparted on each battery unit in an electric energy storage system comprising at least two battery units electrically connected in parallel to each other. The method comprises establishing a battery parameter set, the battery parameter set comprising at least the following values for each battery unit in the electric energy storage system: an internal ohmic resistance value indicative of the internal ohmic resistance of the battery unit and an open circuit voltage value indicative of the open circuit voltage of the battery unit, using an electric load level indicative of a total electric energy storage system load, and using the electric load level and the battery parameter set for predicting the imparted load on each battery unit in the electric energy storage system.