Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species for an amount of time to produce the gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed.

Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

A human oral care composition, includes safe and effective amounts of the fluoride ion and stabilized chlorine dioxide, that may take the form of a paste, gel, rinse, spray, powder, varnish or similar that reduces demineralization and promotes remineralization of teeth. The method includes the topical application of the composition to the human oral cavity (including but not limited to the teeth, gingiva, and tongue), preferably at least once daily, to enhance the anti-caries effect of fluoride by released chlorine dioxide compromising any biofilm present.

This invention relates to aqueous solutions that contain chlorine dioxide, particularly ultrapure aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide that can be used, for example, in the field of human and veterinary medicine to disinfect surfaces, devices and instruments, as well as a process for producing such aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide. In particular, this invention is a process for producing an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide in which a previously produced aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is treated so that an ultrapure aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide is obtained. The invented process can be applied to all previously produced aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide, regardless of the process used to produce these. The invented process can be used in particular to produce ultrapure aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide much more easily and inexpensively from previously produced aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the aqueous solutions of chlorine dioxide produced using the invented process show a high level of purity and a surprisingly high level of stability.

Peroxides and chlorine dioxide (compounds) can be stabilized for long periods of time (years) by combining the compounds with water that has been infused with dioxytetrahydride gas. Such stabilized materials can be used to infuse soft, solid substrates that can be used as sterile wipes, wound dressings, or the like.

A well treatment material for introduction into a subterranean formation is provided. The well treatment material can include a biocide collected onto a sorbent. The biocide can be capable of being desorbed at a generally constant rate over an extended period of time into the subterranean formation. The biocide can be an oxidizing biocide or a non-oxidizing biocide. The sorbent material can include one or more of an absorbent material and an adsorbent material. The biocide can be chlorine dioxide. The sorbent can be one or more of silica gel and graphite.

The present invention provides a safe, disposable and biodegradable chlorine dioxide micro generator that uses water soluble paper and hydrogel or compressed cellulose encased in filter paper pouch. The chemicals are kept in a stabilize form until activated by the addition of water. Multiple levels of protection against early exposure to water such as a foil pouch and an impermeable outer container allow for the safe transportation and storage in small, ready for deployment amounts of the chemicals. Water permeated the chemical pack housing and dissolves the paper walls of the chemical pouch housing and then the water facilitates the reaction between the acid and the sodium chlorite to form chlorine dioxide gas as will be described further hereunder. Absorbent and permeable materials packaged around the chemicals provide for the safe containment of the chlorine dioxide solution, and the expeditious aeration and release of the chlorine dioxide gas, once the chemical reaction has been completed.

The present invention provides a chlorine dioxide manufacturing device that can accurately control the amount of chlorine dioxide produced. The present invention provides a chlorine dioxide gas manufacturing device comprising an electrolysis chamber, a liquid surface level measuring chamber, and a bubbling gas feeding device. The electrolysis chamber and the liquid surface level measuring chamber each comprises an electrolytic solution and a gas and the electrolysis chamber and the liquid surface level measuring chamber are joined to each other above each liquid surface via a gas piping and joined to each other below each liquid surface via an electrolytic solution piping so that the height of the electrolytic solutions contained in each chamber are substantially equal.

Apparatuses for generation of a sterilizing agent, for example chlorine dioxide, in a spray bottle, methods of forming an apparatus, and methods of use thereof are provided. The apparatus may include a tube housing a packet containing a reactant disposed within the interior of the packet. The tube prevents overexpansion of the packet in the presence of an initiating agent. The apparatus may include an openable capsule that houses a packet containing a reactant disposed within the interior of the packet. The capsule includes holes for the transmission of liquid or humid air.

The present invention provides a method for producing a substance with a modified carbon allotrope surface that can suppress or prevent uneven distribution, uneven orientation, and the like of a structural analysis target substance in a structural analysis by cryo-electron microscopy. A method for producing a substance with a modified carbon allotrope surface of the present invention includes: the step of surface-treating by reacting a carbon allotrope surface with a halogen oxide radical, wherein the carbon allotrope surface is modified by the surface-treating.