An electrolysis device may include a housing having a cavity that is configured to receive a precursor solution. The precursor solution may include chloride. An electrolysis circuit may be located in the cavity of the housing. The electrolysis circuit may include a power source, a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the power source, and a control circuit electrically coupled to the power source and the first and second electrodes. Upon the control circuit being activated while the precursor liquid operably couples the first and second electrodes together, the electrolysis circuit may be configured to generate a hypochlorite solution from the precursor solution.

An electrolysis device may include a housing having a cavity that is configured to receive a precursor solution. The precursor solution may include chloride. An electrolysis circuit may be located in the cavity of the housing. The electrolysis circuit may include a power source, a first electrode and a second electrode electrically coupled to the power source, and a control circuit electrically coupled to the power source and the first and second electrodes. Upon the control circuit being activated while the precursor liquid operably couples the first and second electrodes together, the electrolysis circuit may be configured to generate a hypochlorite solution from the precursor solution.

A method for producing a quaternary alkylammonium hypochlorite solution includes a preparation step of preparing a quaternary alkylammonium hydroxide solution, and a reaction step of bringing the quaternary alkylammonium hydroxide solution into contact with chlorine, wherein a carbon dioxide concentration in a gas phase portion in the reaction step is 100 ppm by volume or less, and pH of a liquid phase portion in the reaction step is 10.5 or more.

An electrolysis device may include: a housing comprising a container having an open end, the container configured to contain a liquid when the container is oriented in an upright position; and an electrolysis circuit comprising: a power source; a plurality of electrodes disposed within the container and electrically coupled to the power source; an orientation switch electrically coupled to the power source, coupled to the housing, and oriented to switch when the container is oriented in the upright position; and a control circuit electrically coupled to the power source, the electrodes, and the orientation switch, wherein the electrolysis circuit is configured to operate when the electrodes pass an electric current above a predetermined current threshold and the container is oriented in the upright position.

An electrolysis device may include: a housing comprising a container having an open end, the container configured to contain a liquid when the container is oriented in an upright position; and an electrolysis circuit comprising: a power source; a plurality of electrodes disposed within the container and electrically coupled to the power source; an orientation switch electrically coupled to the power source, coupled to the housing, and oriented to switch when the container is oriented in the upright position; and a control circuit electrically coupled to the power source, the electrodes, and the orientation switch, wherein the electrolysis circuit is configured to operate when the electrodes pass an electric current above a predetermined current threshold and the container is oriented in the upright position.

A method and apparatus for producing a biocide from a hypochlorite oxidant and an ammonium salt are provided. The method includes monitoring a control parameter to optimize the ratio between the hypochlorite oxidant and the ammonium salt. The control parameter may be oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, induction or oxygen saturation.

A method and apparatus for producing a biocide from a hypochlorite oxidant and an ammonium salt are provided. The method includes monitoring a control parameter to optimize the ratio between the hypochlorite oxidant and the ammonium salt. The control parameter may be oxidation-reduction potential, conductivity, induction or oxygen saturation.

A storage and transport system for sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate (solid bleach) is provided. The system includes a container configured to receive and store crystalline solid bleach that includes of at least forty percent sodium hypochlorite, and to retain decomposition components from crystalline solid bleach stored in the container. The container includes a containment wall at least partially surrounding an interior containment space configured to receive solid bleach therein. A passage extends from exterior the container to the interior containment space. The passage is configured for solid bleach to pass therethrough. A liner is located at an interior surface of the containment wall. The liner is substantially non-reactive with solid bleach and, without leakage, capable of retaining within the containment space: (a) solid bleach, (b) decomposition components of solid bleach and (c) liquid bleach formed when dissolving water is added to solid bleach within the containment space.

Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can be used in a variety of devices, such as sodium ionic batteries, capacitors and other electrochemical devices. Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can have a chemical formula of Na.sub.3OX, Na.sub.3SX, Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/2OX and Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/2SX wherein 0<δ<0.8, wherein X is a monovalent anion selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, H.sup.−, CN.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BH.sub.4.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, CH.sub.3.sup.−, NO.sub.2.sup.−, NH.sub.2.sup.− and mixtures thereof, and wherein M is a divalent metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium and mixtures thereof. Na-rich electrolyte compositions provided herein can have a chemical formula of Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/3OX and/or Na .sub.(3-δ) M.sub.δ/3SX; wherein 0<δ<0.5, wherein M is a trivalent cation M.sup.3, and wherein X is selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, H.sup.−, CN.sup.−, BF.sub.4.sup.−, BH.sub.4.sup.−, ClO.sub.4.sup.−, CH.sub.3.sup.−, NO.sub.2.sup.−, NH.sup.2− and mixtures thereof. Synthesis and processing methods of NaRAP compositions for battery, capacitor, and other electrochemical applications are also provided.

A chemical sensor may include an electrode array for electrically interfacing with a fluid sample. The sensor can apply an electrical potential to the sample in order to effect a current flow within the sample. The sensor can measure the resulting current through the sample and determine characteristics about the fluid sample from the current measurement. In one mode of operation of the sensor, the applied electrical potential can be controlled to cause desired electrochemical reactions, such as oxidation or reduction, to occur within the sample to determine the concentration of the oxidized or reduced sample constituent. In another mode of operation, the applied electrical potential causes a current to flow simply due to the conductivity of the sample. In various embodiments, the sensor comprises a controller and a switch for switching between various modes of operation and applying appropriate electric potentials to the sample.