An apparatus and method for manufacturing solid particles based on inert gas evaporation. The method includes forming a continuous gaseous feed flow, and injecting the continuous gaseous feed flow through an inlet into a free-space region of a reactor chamber in the form of a feed jet flow, and forming at least one continuous jet flow of a cooling fluid and injecting the at least one jet flow of cooling fluid into the reaction chamber. The feed jet flow is made by passing the feed flow at a pressure above the reactor chamber pressure in the range from 0.01.Math.10.sup.5 to 20.Math.10.sup.5 Pa through an injection nozzle. The jet flow of cooling fluid is made by passing the cooling fluid through an injection nozzle which directs the jet flow of cooling fluid such that it intersects the feed jet flow with an intersection angle between 30 and 150°.

An apparatus and method for manufacturing solid particles based on inert gas evaporation. The method includes forming a continuous gaseous feed flow, and injecting the continuous gaseous feed flow through an inlet into a free-space region of a reactor chamber in the form of a feed jet flow, and forming at least one continuous jet flow of a cooling fluid and injecting the at least one jet flow of cooling fluid into the reaction chamber. The feed jet flow is made by passing the feed flow at a pressure above the reactor chamber pressure in the range from 0.01.Math.10.sup.5 to 20.Math.10.sup.5 Pa through an injection nozzle. The jet flow of cooling fluid is made by passing the cooling fluid through an injection nozzle which directs the jet flow of cooling fluid such that it intersects the feed jet flow with an intersection angle between 30 and 150°.

Combustion apparatuses (e.g., burners) and methods, such as those configured to encourage mixing of fluid, flame stability, and synthesis of materials (e.g., nano-particles), among other things.

A raw material composition for producing oxygen carriers includes a first component which is one or more of nickel oxide and nickel hydroxide and a second component which is one or more of boehmite, cerium oxide, cerium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and titanium oxide, wherein, when the first component is nickel oxide, the second component includes cerium hydroxide. Such a raw material composition for producing oxygen carriers of the present invention is formed into oxygen carriers according to an oxygen carrier producing method, which will be described below, by adjusting the composition, formulation of raw materials, and degree of homogenization. Then, it is possible to produce oxygen carriers having physical properties such as a shape, a particle size, and a particle distribution suitable for a fluidized bed process or a high speed fluidized bed process and having improved wear-resistance, long-term durability, and oxygen transfer performance.

A raw material composition for producing oxygen carriers includes a first component which is one or more of nickel oxide and nickel hydroxide and a second component which is one or more of boehmite, cerium oxide, cerium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, and titanium oxide, wherein, when the first component is nickel oxide, the second component includes cerium hydroxide. Such a raw material composition for producing oxygen carriers of the present invention is formed into oxygen carriers according to an oxygen carrier producing method, which will be described below, by adjusting the composition, formulation of raw materials, and degree of homogenization. Then, it is possible to produce oxygen carriers having physical properties such as a shape, a particle size, and a particle distribution suitable for a fluidized bed process or a high speed fluidized bed process and having improved wear-resistance, long-term durability, and oxygen transfer performance.

The method for recycling carbon dioxide according to the present invention includes: injecting a reaction gas containing carbon dioxide and a carbon raw material into a rotary heating furnace; reacting the reaction gas and the carbon raw material with each other in the rotary heating furnace to generate a hydrocarbon precursor containing carbon monoxide; and converting the hydrocarbon precursor into a hydrocarbon compound, thereby exhibiting excellent conversion rate of carbon dioxide.

The method for recycling carbon dioxide according to the present invention includes: injecting a reaction gas containing carbon dioxide and a carbon raw material into a rotary heating furnace; reacting the reaction gas and the carbon raw material with each other in the rotary heating furnace to generate a hydrocarbon precursor containing carbon monoxide; and converting the hydrocarbon precursor into a hydrocarbon compound, thereby exhibiting excellent conversion rate of carbon dioxide.

The disclosure provides a method of producing hydrogen. The method comprises conducting a thermochemical reaction by contacting a metal, or an alloy thereof, with steam to produce a metal oxide and/or a metal hydroxide and hydrogen. The method then comprises contacting the metal oxide and/or the metal hydroxide produced in the thermochemical reaction with water or a basic aqueous solution to produce a solution comprising a metal ion. Finally, the method comprises conducting an electrochemical reaction by applying a voltage across an anode and a cathode, whereby at least a portion of the cathode contacts the solution comprising the metal ion, to produce hydrogen, oxygen and the metal, or the alloy thereof.

The invention is a method for coproducing Hydrogen and certain metals by reducing a metal oxide(s) with MgH.sub.2 or with metal and water, wherein the non-water oxides used in the method include SiO.sub.2, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, SnO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, CuO, ZnO, WO.sub.3, Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, Cs.sub.2Cr.sub.2O.sub.7 or CsOH. The method reacts the MgH.sub.2 with a metal oxide or directly uses metal and water instead of a hydride, and initiates a reaction with the metal oxide. The reaction releases Hydrogen and reduces the subject oxide to metal.

The invention is a method for coproducing Hydrogen and certain metals by reducing a metal oxide(s) with MgH.sub.2 or with metal and water, wherein the non-water oxides used in the method include SiO.sub.2, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, SnO.sub.2, ZrO.sub.2, CuO, ZnO, WO.sub.3, Ta.sub.2O.sub.5, Cs.sub.2Cr.sub.2O.sub.7 or CsOH. The method reacts the MgH.sub.2 with a metal oxide or directly uses metal and water instead of a hydride, and initiates a reaction with the metal oxide. The reaction releases Hydrogen and reduces the subject oxide to metal.