The disclosure provides methods for producing Li.sub.2S-graphene oxide (Li.sub.2S-GO) composite materials. The disclosure further provides for the Li.sub.2S-GO made therefrom, and the use of these materials in lithium-sulfur batteries.

The disclosure provides methods for producing Li.sub.2S-graphene oxide (Li.sub.2S-GO) composite materials. The disclosure further provides for the Li.sub.2S-GO made therefrom, and the use of these materials in lithium-sulfur batteries.

Methods for producing cyclododecasulfur are disclosed that include the steps of: reacting a metallasulfur derivative with a molecular halogen to produce cyclododecasulfur and a metallahalide derivative; and reacting the metallahalide derivative with a sulfide or polysulfide to produce the metallasulfur derivative and a halide.

Methods for producing cyclododecasulfur are disclosed that include the steps of: reacting a bromide with molecular chlorine to obtain molecular bromine and a chloride; oxidizing the chloride in aqueous solution with removal of electrons to obtain molecular chlorine; reducing water with electrons to obtain hydrogen and a hydroxide; and reacting a metallasulfur derivative with the molecular bromine, to produce cyclododecasulfur and a metallabromide derivative.

Method for producing molecular halogen are disclosed, that include the steps of: oxidizing a halide to produce a mixture comprising one or more of a molecular halogen, a trihalide, and a halide; reducing a polysulfide comprising a higher rank polysulfide dianion to produce a lower rank polysulfide dianion; and recovering molecular halogen from the mixture comprising one or more of a molecular halogen, a trihalide, and a halide.

Disclosed is a method of producing lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) without using hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) gas. Particularly, the method of producing lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) includes preparing a starting material including a metal oxide by subjecting a mixed powder including an inorganic compound containing lithium and oxygen, a metal reducing agent, and sulfur (S) to synthesis reaction using mechanical force, preparing a mixed solution by mixing the starting material and a solvent, and obtaining a lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) powder by removing the metal oxide from the mixed solution and then performing drying.

Disclosed is a method of producing lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) without using hydrogen sulfide (H.sub.2S) gas. Particularly, the method of producing lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) includes preparing a starting material including a metal oxide by subjecting a mixed powder including an inorganic compound containing lithium and oxygen, a metal reducing agent, and sulfur (S) to synthesis reaction using mechanical force, preparing a mixed solution by mixing the starting material and a solvent, and obtaining a lithium sulfide (Li.sub.2S) powder by removing the metal oxide from the mixed solution and then performing drying.

A method is disclosed for extracting metals from concentrated sulphurated minerals containing metals by direct reduction with regeneration and recycling of the reducing agent, iron, and of the flux, sodium carbonate. It is a combination of pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes which differ from the conventional processes. They do not require previous toasting of the concentrated sulphurated minerals and are technically and economically more advantageous than the presently used processes, since they directly reduce to zero the positive oxidation state of the metal, using a single reactor for extracting the metal, regenerating and recycling the metallurgical feed materials in complementary processes, the kinetics of the chemical reactions being characterised by high speed, without generating any slags or pollutant gases. The metals can be extracted at a reduced cost and in an environmentally sustainable manner

An apparatus for preparing lithium sulfide includes a reaction chamber that has a reaction space for generating lithium sulfide and is provided to move a supplied lithium raw material in a predetermined direction; a lithium raw material supply unit provided to continuously supply the lithium raw material to an upstream side of the reaction chamber in the predetermined direction; a hydrogen sulfide supply unit provided to supply hydrogen sulfide to the reaction chamber; a heating unit; a lithium sulfide recovery unit provided on a downstream side of the reaction chamber in the predetermined direction and provided to recover lithium sulfide that is generated by a reaction between the hydrogen sulfide and the lithium raw material in the reaction chamber; an inert gas supply unit provided to supply an inert gas to the upstream side of the reaction chamber in the predetermined direction; and a moisture removal unit.

A solid-state lithium battery material. The method includes the following steps: material purification; nano wet milling; homogeneous reaction; and ball milling, to obtain high-purity nano lithium sulfide. The high-purity nano lithium sulfide of the present invention and a preparation method thereof can achieve high purity, excellent performance, simple operation, and good social and economic benefits.