An apparatus for generating hydrogen from solid carbonaceous feed stock for production of electricity, chemicals, or fuels using all-steam gasification includes a micronized char preparation system comprising a devolatilizer and an indirect all-steam gasifier generating syngas. A syngas cooler is configured to at least partial quench the syngas and can to produce steam. A syngas clean up system removes ash and residual carbon, a carbon-capture system includes a water gas shift system and CO.sub.2 removal system. A pressure swing absorber (PSA) generating tailgas. An oxygen-fueled burner receives tailgas from the PSA and provides heat to a sorbent enhanced reformer (SER) battery limit system. A hydrogen cooler receives tailgas from the PSA that provides heat to the SER battery limit system. A CO.sub.2 cooler receives tailgas from the PSA that providing heat to the sorbent enhanced reformer battery limit system.

Disclosed is a method for purifying a main gas, in particular helium, from a source gas stream comprising the main gas, a main impurity, in particular nitrogen, and optionally another, secondary impurity, in particular oxygen, the method comprising a step of partial condensation of the gas stream in order to extract therefrom impurities in liquid form, in particular the main impurity, and to produce a gas stream enriched with main gas, characterized in that the method comprises, before the partial condensation step, a step of injecting into the gas stream a compound in which the main impurity of the gas to be treated is soluble and having a saturation vapor pressure lower than the saturation vapor pressure of the main impurity.

Novel methods for pretreating a rare-gas-containing stream exiting an etch chamber followed by recovering the rare gas from the pre-treated, rare-gas containing stream are disclosed. More particularly, the invention relates to the pretreatment and recovery of a rare gas, such as xenon or krypton, from a nitrogen-based exhaust stream with specific gaseous impurities generated during an etch process that is performed as part of a semiconductor fabrication process.

The apparatus includes one or more cylindrical housings connected to one another, a jacket on an outer side of a housing, an inner cylinder disposed at least in an interior of a first cylindrical housing, a heat insulation gasket, inner members, a corrosive high temperature gas inlet disposed on the heat insulation gasket, a gas and liquid phase outlet disposed at a bottom of the housing or a bottom of a last housing and a coolant inlet and outlet connected to an interior of the jacket. The heat insulation gasket seals the first cylindrical housing and a top of the inner cylinder in the interior of the first cylindrical housing. The inner members are distributed along a wall of the housing, communicate an interior of the jacket with an interior of the housing, and distribute a liquid in the interior of the jacket to the interior of the housing.

Novel methods for pretreating a rare-gas-containing stream exiting an etch chamber followed by recovering the rare gas from the pre-treated, rare-gas containing stream are disclosed. More particularly, the invention relates to the pretreatment and recovery of a rare gas, such as xenon or krypton, from a nitrogen-based exhaust stream with specific gaseous impurities generated during an etch process that is performed as part of a semiconductor fabrication process.

Novel methods for pretreating a rare-gas-containing stream exiting an etch chamber followed by recovering the rare gas from the pre-treated, rare-gas containing stream are disclosed. More particularly, the invention relates to the pretreatment and recovery of a rare gas, such as xenon or krypton, from a nitrogen-based exhaust stream with specific gaseous impurities generated during an etch process that is performed as part of a semiconductor fabrication process.

The invention relates to a method for separating chlorine from a gaseous anode outlet stream mass flow of an electrochemical cell reactor. In a first aspect, the method makes use of an absorption step, wherein an anode outlet stream mass flow of the electrochemical cell reactor is exposed to an organic solvent being essentially immiscible with water for achieving an exergy-efficient separation of chlorine and hydrogen chloride. In a further aspect, the method makes use of absorption step, wherein the anode outlet stream mass flow is exposed to an ionic liquid, wherein the hydrogen chloride is dissolved in said ionic liquid, thereby forming a gas flow containing essentially chlorine and a solution mass flow comprising the ionic liquid and the hydrogen chloride. The hydrogen chloride is desorbed from the solution mass flow in a desorption step. In another aspect, the method makes use of a distillation step, wherein the anode outlet stream mass flow is separated at a static pressure of at least 2 bar for an exergy-efficient separation.

A method for reducing carbon dioxide to manufacture a multi-carbon hydrocarbon compound includes steps as follows. A reduction reaction with separation and purification system is provided, which includes a carbon dioxide absorption tower, a reactor, a gas-liquid separation device, a liquid-phase purification device and a gas-phase purification device. An absorption step is performed, wherein a carbon dioxide gas is absorbed to form a mixed solution. A photocatalysis step is performed, wherein the mixed solution is reacted with a photocatalyst to form a carbon-based compound. A separation step is performed, wherein the carbon-based compound is separated to form a liquid-phase mixture and a gas-phase mixture. A liquid-phase purification step is performed, wherein the liquid-phase mixture is purified. A gas-phase purification step is performed, wherein the gas-phase mixture is separated and purified to form a multi-carbon hydrocarbon compound.

Recovering helium from a gaseous stream includes contacting an acid gas removal membrane with a gaseous stream to yield a permeate stream and a residual stream, removing a majority of the acid gas from the residual stream to yield a first acid gas stream and a helium depleted clean gas stream, removing a majority of the acid gas from the permeate stream to yield a second acid gas stream and a helium rich stream, and removing helium from the helium rich stream to yield a helium product stream and a helium depleted stream. A helium removal system for removing helium from a gaseous stream including hydrocarbon gas, acid gas, and helium includes a first processing zone including a first acid gas removal unit, a second processing zone including a second acid gas removal unit, a third processing zone, and a helium purification unit.

A method for producing a hydrogen chloride. A pressurized highly concentrated hydrochloric acid having a hydrogen chloride concentration of 35% by weight or above is fed into a high pressure desorption device, the high pressure desorption device is operated at a pressure P.sub.des of 2 bar or above and at a temperature T from 110 to 200° C. in the bottom of the high pressure desorption device, and the hydrogen chloride is desorbed in the high pressure desorption device.