Provided herein are compositions and methods for quantifying polyphosphates. In particular, provided herein are solution and substrate based assays for quantifying polyphosphates in complex samples.

Provided herein are compositions and methods for quantifying polyphosphates. In particular, provided herein are solution and substrate based assays for quantifying polyphosphates in complex samples.

The invention relates to mixtures containing, as component (A) ammonium polyphosphate and, as component (B) a soluble ionic compound which contains sulfate and/or is capable of releasing sulfate ions. The invention also relates to a method for producing such mixtures and to the use thereof.

Provided are a lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide carrying an organic phosphate with a high capacity and a high cycle characteristic when used as a positive electrode active material of a secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and also a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery using the lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide as a positive electrode active material. The positive electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, wherein an organic phosphite compound or an organic phosphate compound having an organic functional group composed of an alkyl group, an aryl group, and the like adheres to a part or the entire of a particle surface of the lithium-manganese-nickel composite oxide represented by general formula: Li.sub.tMn.sub.2-x-yNi.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.4 (wherein 0.96<t≦1.25, 0.40≦x=0.60, 0≦y≦0.20, and M represents at least one element selected from Mg, Al, Si, Ti, Cr, Fe, Co, Cu and Zn).

A material, especially a glassy material of pyrophosphate type, corresponding to the general formula (I): {[(M.sup.2+).sub.1−x(R.sup.+).sub.2x].sub.2[(P.sub.2O.sub.7.sup.4−).sub.1−y(PO.sub.4.sup.3−).sub.4y/3]} n(H.sub.2O) in which x and y are positive rational numbers each between 0 and 0.8, and n is such that the weight percentage of water in the material is greater than 0 and less than or equal to 95. M.sup.2+ represents a bivalent ion of a metal chosen from calcium, magnesium, strontium, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese and nickel, or any mixture of such bivalent ions. R.sup.+ represents a monovalent ion of a metal selected from potassium, lithium, sodium, and silver, or any mixture of such monovalent ions. This material in particular can be used in manufacturing of bone replacements or prosthesis coatings.

Polyphosphate compositions are produced by a process that includes the steps of continuously introducing a phosphate compound into a polymerization vessel, polymerizing the phosphate compound at a temperature of 250-450° C. for a time period sufficient to form the polyphosphate composition, and continuously discharging the polyphosphate composition from the polymerization vessel. The phosphate compound can be fed to the polymerization vessel in the form of an aqueous slurry containing 5-50 wt. % of the phosphate compound. Resulting polyphosphate compositions often contain at least 8 wt. % of a polyphosphate and less than 35 wt. % of the phosphate compound.

Techniques are described for preparing a water filtration composition that includes activated carbon having an ash content of at least 10 wt. % and particles of a solubilizing agent. The solubilizing agent forms a water-soluble complex with cations (e.g., calcium ions). This increases the solubility of calcium ions and other scale-forming ions in water, thus suppressing scale formation on interior surfaces of water processing infrastructure. The activated carbon and the solubilizing agent are processed to have particle sizes in a same range, thus enabling the activated carbon and the solubilizing agent to be thoroughly mixed together.

Techniques are described for preparing a water filtration composition that includes activated carbon having an ash content of at least 10 wt. % and particles of a solubilizing agent. The solubilizing agent forms a water-soluble complex with cations (e.g., calcium ions). This increases the solubility of calcium ions and other scale-forming ions in water, thus suppressing scale formation on interior surfaces of water processing infrastructure. The activated carbon and the solubilizing agent are processed to have particle sizes in a same range, thus enabling the activated carbon and the solubilizing agent to be thoroughly mixed together.

Proposed is a heat stabilizer for polymer processing, the heat stabilizer being represented by A.sub.w(PO.sub.4).sub.x(HPO.sub.4).sub.yX.sub.z.Math.nH.sub.2O, having excellent thermal stability capable of preventing discoloration of a polymer when processing a polymer such as PVC, and being applicable to various polymers aside from PVC. In addition, the present disclosure provides an effective method of preparing a heat stabilizer preventing discoloration when processing a polymer by the following method: lowering the crystallinity of a metal phosphate by replacing with various metal cations, changing the type and content of anion, and using various dispersants serving as ligands; or reducing the particle size by adjusting the pH using a strong base and by performing a rapid synthesis process.

Proposed is a heat stabilizer for polymer processing, the heat stabilizer being represented by A.sub.w(PO.sub.4).sub.x(HPO.sub.4).sub.yX.sub.z.Math.nH.sub.2O, having excellent thermal stability capable of preventing discoloration of a polymer when processing a polymer such as PVC, and being applicable to various polymers aside from PVC. In addition, the present disclosure provides an effective method of preparing a heat stabilizer preventing discoloration when processing a polymer by the following method: lowering the crystallinity of a metal phosphate by replacing with various metal cations, changing the type and content of anion, and using various dispersants serving as ligands; or reducing the particle size by adjusting the pH using a strong base and by performing a rapid synthesis process.