A nanoparticle or agglomerate which contains connected multi-walled spherical fullerenes coated in layers of graphite. In different embodiments, the nanoparticles and agglomerates have different combinations of: a high mass fraction compared to other carbon allotropes present, a low concentration of defects, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) specific surface area, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the nanoparticles and agglomerates at a high production rate without using catalysts.

A nanoparticle or agglomerate which contains connected multi-walled spherical fullerenes coated in layers of graphite. In different embodiments, the nanoparticles and agglomerates have different combinations of: a high mass fraction compared to other carbon allotropes present, a low concentration of defects, a low concentration of elemental impurities, a high Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) specific surface area, and/or a high electrical conductivity. Methods are provided to produce the nanoparticles and agglomerates at a high production rate without using catalysts.

The present invention refers to endohedral metallofullerene derivatives for use in the treatment of cancer and other proliferative diseases. In particular, the invention discloses the use of endohedral fullerene antibody conjugates and its derivatives for the treatment of proliferative diseases, in particular, cancer, comprising the combined administration of a metallofullerene-antibody conjugate or a composition comprising the same, and an ionizing radiation therapy, such as, x-ray radiation.

The present invention refers to endohedral metallofullerene derivatives for use in the treatment of cancer and other proliferative diseases. In particular, the invention discloses the use of endohedral fullerene antibody conjugates and its derivatives for the treatment of proliferative diseases, in particular, cancer, comprising the combined administration of a metallofullerene-antibody conjugate or a composition comprising the same, and an ionizing radiation therapy, such as, x-ray radiation.

Provided is a heterofullerene where n number (where n is a positive even number) of carbon atoms constituting a fullerene are substituted by n number of boron atoms or n number of nitrogen atoms.

Provided is a heterofullerene where n number (where n is a positive even number) of carbon atoms constituting a fullerene are substituted by n number of boron atoms or n number of nitrogen atoms.

By sequentially performing: a step (I) of dissolving fullerene C.sub.70 in an organic solvent to prepare a fullerene solution; a step (II) of immersing a material carbon fiber in the fullerene solution; and a step (III) of extracting the carbon fiber from the fullerene solution and drying the extracted carbon fiber, a carbon fiber on which fullerene C.sub.70 adsorbs is obtained.

By sequentially performing: a step (I) of dissolving fullerene C.sub.70 in an organic solvent to prepare a fullerene solution; a step (II) of immersing a material carbon fiber in the fullerene solution; and a step (III) of extracting the carbon fiber from the fullerene solution and drying the extracted carbon fiber, a carbon fiber on which fullerene C.sub.70 adsorbs is obtained.

Provided is a shortened fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate (CNB) obtained by shortening a CNB having a length of 1 μm or more and a diameter in the short direction in the range of 30 to 100 nm, by oxidizing, stirring in an acid solution, subjecting to an ultrasonic treatment in a liquid, followed by cutting. The shortened CNB has an end surface on which no tip of the plurality of single-walled carbon nanohorns is disposed toward the longitudinal direction at least one end in the longitudinal direction, and has an excellent dispersibility by shortening the length to less than 1 μm.

Provided is a shortened fibrous carbon nanohorn aggregate (CNB) obtained by shortening a CNB having a length of 1 μm or more and a diameter in the short direction in the range of 30 to 100 nm, by oxidizing, stirring in an acid solution, subjecting to an ultrasonic treatment in a liquid, followed by cutting. The shortened CNB has an end surface on which no tip of the plurality of single-walled carbon nanohorns is disposed toward the longitudinal direction at least one end in the longitudinal direction, and has an excellent dispersibility by shortening the length to less than 1 μm.