Included herein are methods for photodriven hydrogenation of N.sub.2, the methods comprising, for example: hydrogenating N.sub.2 to NH.sub.3 in the presence of a light, an organic transfer agent, and a first metal-containing catalyst; wherein: the transfer agent and the first catalyst are in a solution; the transfer agent comprises n chemically transferable electrons and protons, n being an integer equal to or greater than 1; the step of hydrogenating comprises at least one charge-transfer reaction via which the transfer agent donates at least one electron and at least one proton to one or more other chemical species; the step of hydrogenating comprises at least one photochemical reaction; and the light is characterized by energy sufficient to drive the at least one photochemical reaction. Also disclosed herein are methods comprising regenerating a spent-transfer agent back into the transfer agent.

Included herein are methods for photodriven hydrogenation of N.sub.2, the methods comprising, for example: hydrogenating N.sub.2 to NH.sub.3 in the presence of a light, an organic transfer agent, and a first metal-containing catalyst; wherein: the transfer agent and the first catalyst are in a solution; the transfer agent comprises n chemically transferable electrons and protons, n being an integer equal to or greater than 1; the step of hydrogenating comprises at least one charge-transfer reaction via which the transfer agent donates at least one electron and at least one proton to one or more other chemical species; the step of hydrogenating comprises at least one photochemical reaction; and the light is characterized by energy sufficient to drive the at least one photochemical reaction. Also disclosed herein are methods comprising regenerating a spent-transfer agent back into the transfer agent.

The method for suppressing formation of a high-melting-point pipe-clogging substance includes disposing a urea-solution supply pipe (6) configured to supply pressurized air and a urea solution into a pipe through which exhaust gas flows, connecting a urea-solution spray nozzle (7) near a tip of the urea-solution supply pipe (6), providing a mixing section (8) configured to mix the exhaust gas flowing through the pipe and a sprayed urea solution sprayed from the urea-solution spray nozzle (7), circumferentially providing a metal sheet (9) on all or part of an inner wall surface of the pipe in a belt-like manner around the mixing section (8), and forming a hydrolysis catalyst layer (10) configured to promote hydrolysis of urea on an inner surface of the metal sheet (9).

The method for suppressing formation of a high-melting-point pipe-clogging substance includes disposing a urea-solution supply pipe (6) configured to supply pressurized air and a urea solution into a pipe through which exhaust gas flows, connecting a urea-solution spray nozzle (7) near a tip of the urea-solution supply pipe (6), providing a mixing section (8) configured to mix the exhaust gas flowing through the pipe and a sprayed urea solution sprayed from the urea-solution spray nozzle (7), circumferentially providing a metal sheet (9) on all or part of an inner wall surface of the pipe in a belt-like manner around the mixing section (8), and forming a hydrolysis catalyst layer (10) configured to promote hydrolysis of urea on an inner surface of the metal sheet (9).

Systems and methods for producing ammonia are described. In one embodiment, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are dissolved in a solution. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor and autotrophic diazotroph bacteria are also placed in the solution.

Systems and methods for producing ammonia are described. In one embodiment, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are dissolved in a solution. A glutamine synthetase inhibitor and autotrophic diazotroph bacteria are also placed in the solution.

A problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a carbonaceous material suitable for a negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries (e.g., lithium ion secondary batteries, sodium ion secondary batteries, lithium sulfur batteries, lithium air batteries) having high charge/discharge capacities and preferably high charge/discharge efficiency as well as low resistance, a negative electrode comprising the carbonaceous material, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising the negative electrode, and a production method of the carbonaceous material. The present invention relates to a carbonaceous material having a nitrogen element content of 1.0 mass % or more and an oxygen content of 1.5 mass % or less obtained by elemental analysis, a ratio of nitrogen element content and hydrogen element content (R.sub.N/H) of 6 or more and 100 or less, a ratio of oxygen element content and nitrogen element content (R.sub.O/N) of 0.1 or more and 1.0 or less, and a carbon interplanar spacing (d.sub.002) observed by X-ray diffraction measurement of 3.70 Å or more.

A method for reducing condensate in a subsurface formation is disclosed. The method includes introducing a reactive mixture including an aqueous solution, urea, dopamine, a silica nanoparticle precursor, a silane grafting compound, and an alcohol compound into the subsurface formation. The method also includes allowing generation of ammonia through thermal decomposition of the urea and allowing the silica nanoparticle precursor to hydrolyze, thereby forming silica nanoparticles. The method further includes allowing the silane grafting compound to graft onto the silica nanoparticles, thereby forming functionalized silica nanoparticles. The method also includes allowing polymerization of the dopamine, thereby forming polydopamine. The method also includes allowing the functionalized silica nanoparticles to attach to the subsurface formation via the polydopamine, thereby reducing condensate in the subsurface formation.

An electrochemical cell 10 is provided that includes first and second electrodes 13, 15, an electrolyte medium 17 in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes 13, 15, a chemical substance capable of undergoing an electrochemical reaction, and a voltage source 19 in electrolytic communication with the first and second electrodes 13, 15. The first electrode 13 includes a layer of an active catalyst material 25, and graphene coating 27 at least partially covering the layer of the active catalyst material 25. Methods for making and using the graphene coated electrode are further provided.

Provided herein are methods comprising a) calcining limestone in a cement plant to form carbon dioxide and calcium compound selected from calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, or combination thereof; b) treating the calcium compound with N-containing salt in water to produce an aqueous solution comprising calcium salt and N-containing salt; and c) contacting the aqueous solution with the carbon dioxide under one or more precipitation conditions to produce a precipitation material comprising calcium carbonate and a supernatant aqueous solution wherein the calcium carbonate comprises vaterite.