A process and apparatus for managing hydrogen sulfide in a refinery is provided. In the process, a hydrogen sulfide stream from said refinery is fed to a sulfur recovery unit to produce sulfur and a sulfur compound stream or to a thermal oxidizer. The sulfur compound stream and the hydrogen sulfide stream are then thermally oxidized to produce a sulfur oxide stream. The sulfur oxide stream is then reacted with an ammonia stream. In aspect, the product of the reaction can be a fertilizer. The ammonia stream can be obtained from stripping the hydrogen sulfide stream.

A process and apparatus for managing hydrogen sulfide in a refinery is provided. In the process, a hydrogen sulfide stream from said refinery is fed to a sulfur recovery unit to produce sulfur and a sulfur compound stream or to a thermal oxidizer. The sulfur compound stream and the hydrogen sulfide stream are then thermally oxidized to produce a sulfur oxide stream. The sulfur oxide stream is then reacted with an ammonia stream. In aspect, the product of the reaction can be a fertilizer. The ammonia stream can be obtained from stripping the hydrogen sulfide stream.

The present disclosure is related to a pipe reactor. In its broadest aspect, the present disclosure is related to a method for producing a urea ammonium sulphate-based composition in a pipe reactor comprising a first and a second mixing zone. The method comprises the steps of: a) directing a liquid stream comprising ammonium bisulphate to the first mixing zone of the pipe reactor; b) directing a first stream of ammonia to the first mixing zone of the pipe reactor for reacting with the liquid stream comprising ammonium bisulphate, provided in step a), to obtain a liquid stream comprising ammonium sulphate; c) directing the liquid stream comprising ammonium sulphate, provided in step b), to the second mixing zone of the pipe reactor; and d) directing a liquid stream of urea to the second mixing zone of the pipe reactor for mixing with the liquid stream comprising ammonium sulphate.

The present disclosure is related to a pipe reactor. In its broadest aspect, the present disclosure is related to a method for producing a urea ammonium sulphate-based composition in a pipe reactor comprising a first and a second mixing zone. The method comprises the steps of: a) directing a liquid stream comprising ammonium bisulphate to the first mixing zone of the pipe reactor; b) directing a first stream of ammonia to the first mixing zone of the pipe reactor for reacting with the liquid stream comprising ammonium bisulphate, provided in step a), to obtain a liquid stream comprising ammonium sulphate; c) directing the liquid stream comprising ammonium sulphate, provided in step b), to the second mixing zone of the pipe reactor; and d) directing a liquid stream of urea to the second mixing zone of the pipe reactor for mixing with the liquid stream comprising ammonium sulphate.

The invention provides a process for the production of crystalline ammonium sulfate, wherein the process comprises performing a Beckmann rearrangement reaction, neutralizing the Beckmann rearrangement reaction mixture, separating a first aqueous ammonium sulfate phase and an aqueous ε-caprolactam phase, charging the first ammonium sulfate phase to a first evaporative type crystallization section wherein crystalline ammonium sulfate is obtained, discharging from the first evaporative type crystallization section mother liquor enriched in organic components, extracting the aqueous ε-caprolactam phase to obtain an extracted ε-caprolactam phase and a second aqueous ammonium sulfate phase, discharging the mother liquor that is discharged from the first evaporative type crystallization section and/or the second aqueous ammonium sulfate phase to a second evaporative type crystallization section wherein evaporative type crystallization is performed so that a three-phase system occurs. At least a liquid oily phase is recovered from the three-phase system. The invention further provides a plant suitable to carry out the process of the invention, crystalline ammonium sulfate and a liquid oily phase obtained by the process of the invention.

The invention provides a process for the production of crystalline ammonium sulfate, wherein the process comprises performing a Beckmann rearrangement reaction, neutralizing the Beckmann rearrangement reaction mixture, separating a first aqueous ammonium sulfate phase and an aqueous ε-caprolactam phase, charging the first ammonium sulfate phase to a first evaporative type crystallization section wherein crystalline ammonium sulfate is obtained, discharging from the first evaporative type crystallization section mother liquor enriched in organic components, extracting the aqueous ε-caprolactam phase to obtain an extracted ε-caprolactam phase and a second aqueous ammonium sulfate phase, discharging the mother liquor that is discharged from the first evaporative type crystallization section and/or the second aqueous ammonium sulfate phase to a second evaporative type crystallization section wherein evaporative type crystallization is performed so that a three-phase system occurs. At least a liquid oily phase is recovered from the three-phase system. The invention further provides a plant suitable to carry out the process of the invention, crystalline ammonium sulfate and a liquid oily phase obtained by the process of the invention.

The present disclosure is directed to methods for treating an organic material, including the steps of transporting the organic material into a first vessel; heating the organic material in the first vessel and applying a negative pressure to the organic material in the first vessel to a boiling point of the organic material, wherein the heat and negative pressure separates a portion of an ammonia from the organic material; removing the portion of the ammonia from the first vessel; transporting the removed portion of the ammonia from the first vessel to an acid solution in a second vessel; and separating a portion of the ammonia from the acid solution.

The present disclosure is directed to methods for treating an organic material, including the steps of transporting the organic material into a first vessel; heating the organic material in the first vessel and applying a negative pressure to the organic material in the first vessel to a boiling point of the organic material, wherein the heat and negative pressure separates a portion of an ammonia from the organic material; removing the portion of the ammonia from the first vessel; transporting the removed portion of the ammonia from the first vessel to an acid solution in a second vessel; and separating a portion of the ammonia from the acid solution.

An apparatus for recovering nutrients or water from digestate comprises one or more solid-liquid separation units, an ammonia stripping device, and a gas scrubbing unit. In a process, digestate is separated into a solids portion and a liquid portion. Ammonia is stripped from the liquid portion and converted into an ammonium salt solution which may be sold or used as, or blended with, a fertilizer product. Optionally, at least part of the remaining liquid portion may be concentrated to produce brine. The brine is mixed with the solids portion. The mixture may be dried and used as, or blended with, a fertilizer product. Optionally, a least part of the remaining liquid portion may be re-used as dilution water in a digester. A solids portion of the digestate, and one or both of an ammonium salt solution and a brine, may be used as fertilizer without thermal drying.

An apparatus for recovering nutrients or water from digestate comprises one or more solid-liquid separation units, an ammonia stripping device, and a gas scrubbing unit. In a process, digestate is separated into a solids portion and a liquid portion. Ammonia is stripped from the liquid portion and converted into an ammonium salt solution which may be sold or used as, or blended with, a fertilizer product. Optionally, at least part of the remaining liquid portion may be concentrated to produce brine. The brine is mixed with the solids portion. The mixture may be dried and used as, or blended with, a fertilizer product. Optionally, a least part of the remaining liquid portion may be re-used as dilution water in a digester. A solids portion of the digestate, and one or both of an ammonium salt solution and a brine, may be used as fertilizer without thermal drying.