The present disclosure relates to chemical treatments for preparing metal electrodes, including ex-situ chemical treatments for preparing metal electrodes and to ex-situ chemically treated metal electrodes, which can be used in electrochemical cells. The present disclosure also relates to methods for forming a metal fluoride-based layer (e.g. a SEI fluoride layer) on a metal or an electrode thereof comprising an ex-situ chemical treatment of the metal or electrode thereof, and to electrochemical cells comprising the ex-situ chemically treated metal electrodes.

The present disclosure relates to chemical treatments for preparing metal electrodes, including ex-situ chemical treatments for preparing metal electrodes and to ex-situ chemically treated metal electrodes, which can be used in electrochemical cells. The present disclosure also relates to methods for forming a metal fluoride-based layer (e.g. a SEI fluoride layer) on a metal or an electrode thereof comprising an ex-situ chemical treatment of the metal or electrode thereof, and to electrochemical cells comprising the ex-situ chemically treated metal electrodes.

A human oral care composition, includes safe and effective amounts of the fluoride ion and stabilized chlorine dioxide, that may take the form of a paste, gel, rinse, spray, powder, varnish or similar that reduces demineralization and promotes remineralization of teeth. The method includes the topical application of the composition to the human oral cavity (including but not limited to the teeth, gingiva, and tongue), preferably at least once daily, to enhance the anti-caries effect of fluoride by released chlorine dioxide compromising any biofilm present.

A human oral care composition, includes safe and effective amounts of the fluoride ion and stabilized chlorine dioxide, that may take the form of a paste, gel, rinse, spray, powder, varnish or similar that reduces demineralization and promotes remineralization of teeth. The method includes the topical application of the composition to the human oral cavity (including but not limited to the teeth, gingiva, and tongue), preferably at least once daily, to enhance the anti-caries effect of fluoride by released chlorine dioxide compromising any biofilm present.

A process for treating an ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct includes providing an ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct including primarily ammonium fluorosulfate and lesser amounts of fluorosulfonic acid and bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, mixing the ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct with water, reacting the mixture of the ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct and the water at a hydrolysis reaction temperature to hydrolyze the ammonium fluorosulfate, the fluorosulfonic acid and the bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide to form ammonium bisulfate and aqueous hydrogen fluoride; and separating the ammonium bisulfate from the aqueous hydrogen fluoride.

A process for treating an ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct includes providing an ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct including primarily ammonium fluorosulfate and lesser amounts of fluorosulfonic acid and bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide, mixing the ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct with water, reacting the mixture of the ammonium fluorosulfate byproduct and the water at a hydrolysis reaction temperature to hydrolyze the ammonium fluorosulfate, the fluorosulfonic acid and the bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide to form ammonium bisulfate and aqueous hydrogen fluoride; and separating the ammonium bisulfate from the aqueous hydrogen fluoride.

Described herein is a process for converting halocarbons into inorganic salts comprising a halogen, the process comprising reacting a halocarbon with a metal salt to produce the inorganic salt comprising a halogen; wherein the metal salt comprises a metal and an electronegative element selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine and iodine, or a mixture thereof; wherein the halogen of the halocarbon is more electronegative than the electronegative element of the metal salt.

Described herein is a process for converting halocarbons into inorganic salts comprising a halogen, the process comprising reacting a halocarbon with a metal salt to produce the inorganic salt comprising a halogen; wherein the metal salt comprises a metal and an electronegative element selected from nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, selenium, bromine and iodine, or a mixture thereof; wherein the halogen of the halocarbon is more electronegative than the electronegative element of the metal salt.

A cassette for performing a plurality of synthesis processes of preparing a radiopharmaceutical in series in a synthesizer, includes: at least one manifold provided with a plurality of valves connectable to and operable by the synthesizer; an anion-exchanger comprising an anionic exchange material; an eluent container comprising an eluent; and a recondition container comprising a reconditioning agent.

A cassette for performing a plurality of synthesis processes of preparing a radiopharmaceutical in series in a synthesizer, includes: at least one manifold provided with a plurality of valves connectable to and operable by the synthesizer; an anion-exchanger comprising an anionic exchange material; an eluent container comprising an eluent; and a recondition container comprising a reconditioning agent.