The present disclosure relates to methods for producing hydrogen and calcium- or magnesium-bearing carbonates by capturing, converting, and storing carbon dioxide. The methods may include providing one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds; providing one or more water-soluble oxygenates; providing a plurality of catalysts; and reacting one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds and one or more water-soluble oxygenates with plurality of catalysts under conditions to produce hydrogen and calcium- or magnesium-bearing carbonates. The methods may include providing one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing silicates; providing carbon monoxide; providing water vapor; and reacting one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing silicates, carbon monoxide, and water vapor. The methods may include providing one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds; providing one or more water-soluble oxygenates; providing a catalyst; and reacting one or more calcium- or magnesium-bearing compounds and one or more water-soluble oxygenates with said catalyst.

Methods and systems for producing activated silicate materials are disclosed. A silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. The reaction materials are brought to the suitable reaction temperature via a heat source in the presence of the suitable reaction medium. The activated silicate materials exhibit improved reactivity compared to non-activated silicate materials and thus are advantageously employed in elemental extraction processes to produce a valuable material product.

Methods and systems for producing activated silicate materials are disclosed. A silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. The reaction materials are brought to the suitable reaction temperature via a heat source in the presence of the suitable reaction medium. The activated silicate materials exhibit improved reactivity compared to non-activated silicate materials and thus are advantageously employed in elemental extraction processes to produce a valuable material product.

A method and system for producing highly activated silicate material, wherein the silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. A heat source heats reaction materials to a reaction temperature in the presence of a reaction medium. For the hydrothermal reaction process, the reaction medium and heat source are an exhausted steam that is a byproduct of another industrial process. For the HTSR process, the silicate source material and the heat source are a molten slag byproduct from another industrial process.

A method and system for producing highly activated silicate material, wherein the silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. A heat source heats reaction materials to a reaction temperature in the presence of a reaction medium. For the hydrothermal reaction process, the reaction medium and heat source are an exhausted steam that is a byproduct of another industrial process. For the HTSR process, the silicate source material and the heat source are a molten slag byproduct from another industrial process.

A method of making a composition of matter comprising calcium hydroxide. The method includes the steps of contacting a calcium-containing molecule with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt having ammonium cation and a counter-anion, under conditions effective to yield a compound containing calcium and the counter-anion; and reacting the compound comprising calcium and the counter-anion with ammonia and water under conditions to yield calcium hydroxide.

A method of making a composition of matter comprising calcium hydroxide. The method includes the steps of contacting a calcium-containing molecule with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble salt having ammonium cation and a counter-anion, under conditions effective to yield a compound containing calcium and the counter-anion; and reacting the compound comprising calcium and the counter-anion with ammonia and water under conditions to yield calcium hydroxide.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having excellent lifespan characteristics and/or excellent safety, which are essential in practice. The basic inorganic particles for a nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention include basic inorganic particles, wherein a hydrophilicity parameter A for the basic inorganic particles satisfies the expression: 0.45A(BET1/BET2)2.0. In the expression, BET1 represents the specific surface area of the basic inorganic particles calculated from an adsorption isotherm which is measured through adsorption of water vapor to the basic inorganic particles by a BET method. BET2 represents the specific surface area of the basic inorganic particles calculated from an adsorption isotherm which is measured through adsorption of nitrogen to the basic inorganic particles by a BET method.

Methods and systems for producing highly activated silicate materials are disclosed. A silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. The reaction materials are brought to the suitable reaction temperature via a heat source in the presence of the suitable reaction medium. For the hydrothermal reaction process, the reaction medium and heat source can be exhausted steam that is the byproduct of another industrial process. For the HTSR process, the silicate source material and the heat source can be a molten slag byproduct from another industrial process. The activated silicate materials exhibit improved reactivity compared to non-activated silicate materials and thus are advantageously employed in elemental extraction processes to produce a value material product. By being integrated with the utilization of industrial waste heat, like molten slag heat utilization (MSHU), and the recycle of the reforming agents, the production of activated silicate based materials can base on sustainable energy and materials.

Methods and systems for producing highly activated silicate materials are disclosed. A silicate source material is provided for reaction with a reforming agent in a reforming process. The reforming process is a hydrothermal process and/or a high temperature silicate reforming (HTSR) process. The reaction materials are brought to the suitable reaction temperature via a heat source in the presence of the suitable reaction medium. For the hydrothermal reaction process, the reaction medium and heat source can be exhausted steam that is the byproduct of another industrial process. For the HTSR process, the silicate source material and the heat source can be a molten slag byproduct from another industrial process. The activated silicate materials exhibit improved reactivity compared to non-activated silicate materials and thus are advantageously employed in elemental extraction processes to produce a value material product. By being integrated with the utilization of industrial waste heat, like molten slag heat utilization (MSHU), and the recycle of the reforming agents, the production of activated silicate based materials can base on sustainable energy and materials.