Divalent ions are extracted from solids by leaching to form a divalent ion-containing solution. The divalent ion-containing solution is subjected to concentration to form a concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. Precipitation of a divalent ion hydroxide salt is induced from the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. In other cases, the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution is exposed to carbon dioxide to induce precipitation of a divalent ion carbonate salt.

Divalent ions are extracted from solids by leaching to form a divalent ion-containing solution. The divalent ion-containing solution is subjected to concentration to form a concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. Precipitation of a divalent ion hydroxide salt is induced from the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. In other cases, the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution is exposed to carbon dioxide to induce precipitation of a divalent ion carbonate salt.

Divalent ions are extracted from solids by leaching to form a divalent ion-containing solution. The divalent ion-containing solution is subjected to concentration to form a concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. Precipitation of a divalent ion hydroxide salt is induced from the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. In other cases, the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution is exposed to carbon dioxide to induce precipitation of a divalent ion carbonate salt.

Divalent ions are extracted from solids by leaching to form a divalent ion-containing solution. The divalent ion-containing solution is subjected to concentration to form a concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. Precipitation of a divalent ion hydroxide salt is induced from the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution. In other cases, the concentrated divalent ion-containing solution is exposed to carbon dioxide to induce precipitation of a divalent ion carbonate salt.

There is provided herein a process for producing metal oxide in a flash calciner, the process comprising: a. pre-heating a metal carbonate particulate stream, prior to the particulate stream being fed into the flash calciner; and, b. calcining the particulate stream in a flash calciner to produce a raw stream comprising metal oxide and a flue gas comprising CO.sub.2,
wherein at least a portion of the flue gas comprising CO.sub.2 produced in step (b) is used to pre-heat the metal carbonate particulate in step (a).

There is provided herein a process for producing metal oxide in a flash calciner, the process comprising: a. pre-heating a metal carbonate particulate stream, prior to the particulate stream being fed into the flash calciner; and, b. calcining the particulate stream in a flash calciner to produce a raw stream comprising metal oxide and a flue gas comprising CO.sub.2,
wherein at least a portion of the flue gas comprising CO.sub.2 produced in step (b) is used to pre-heat the metal carbonate particulate in step (a).

A system has conveyance segments arranged in series. Each segment has an infrared emitter directed towards a material bearing surface, and outlets of the segments are above inlets of subsequent segments. The segments are coupled to vibrators which are configured to convey a material from the inlet end to the outlet end of the segments. A system of this disclosure can be used to create lime or clinker with a substantial increase in efficiency, and without emitting any carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

A system has conveyance segments arranged in series. Each segment has an infrared emitter directed towards a material bearing surface, and outlets of the segments are above inlets of subsequent segments. The segments are coupled to vibrators which are configured to convey a material from the inlet end to the outlet end of the segments. A system of this disclosure can be used to create lime or clinker with a substantial increase in efficiency, and without emitting any carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.

A method of preparing an ionized calcium oxide powder is provided, including steps of washing and drying shellfish, pulverizing the shellfish into a powder, subjecting the powder to a heat treatment, subjecting the powder to an electrolysis treatment, and subjecting the powder to an ultrasonic treatment.

A method of preparing an ionized calcium oxide powder is provided, including steps of washing and drying shellfish, pulverizing the shellfish into a powder, subjecting the powder to a heat treatment, subjecting the powder to an electrolysis treatment, and subjecting the powder to an ultrasonic treatment.