An additive manufacturing system with a build chamber has a halide vessel that generates a halide gas and a dissociation chamber with a filament. Metal condensate is contacted with the halide gas to form a gaseous metal halide compound. The gaseous metal halide compound is decomposed to deposit metal on the filament. In an example, titanium reacts with gaseous iodine to form gaseous titanium tetraiodide.

An additive manufacturing system with a build chamber has a halide vessel that generates a halide gas and a dissociation chamber with a filament. Metal condensate is contacted with the halide gas to form a gaseous metal halide compound. The gaseous metal halide compound is decomposed to deposit metal on the filament. In an example, titanium reacts with gaseous iodine to form gaseous titanium tetraiodide.

A technique is provided, in which impure metal is efficiently separated and removed from titanium-containing raw material such as titanium slag or ilmenite and high titanium-containing raw material is produced. The method for improving quality of titanium-containing raw material containing slag, including steps of: oxidizing the titanium-containing raw material, selectively chlorinating impurities in the titanium-containing raw material, and separating and removing the impure chlorides to obtain high titanium-containing raw material. Alternatively, in this method, the oxidizing treatment and the selective chlorinating treatment are performed simultaneously.

A method to recycle TiB2 articles, and in particular, a method to recycle a TiB2 feedstock including TiB2 articles and Ti-ore and/or Ti-slag by chlorination.

A method to recycle TiB2 articles, and in particular, a method to recycle a TiB2 feedstock including TiB2 articles and Ti-ore and/or Ti-slag by chlorination.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

Disclosed is a process/system for the removal of metal chloride impurities from a titanium tetrachloride stream. The metal chloride impurities are removed through contact of the titanium tetrachloride stream with an alumino-silicate material, which can be selected based on certain properties of the alumino-silicate and based on the geometries of the impurity(ies) and the alumino-silicate.

A metal chloride generator is provided. The metal chloride generator is a metal chloride centrifugal reactor that can be operated under conditions sufficient to cause metal particles and chlorine in the generator to be brought into contact with one another and react using centrifugal force to form metal chloride. A process for manufacturing titanium dioxide that utilizes the metal chloride generator is also provided.

The present invention provides a process for recovering transition metal tetrahalides from a waste stream coming from a catalyst manufacturing process by (a) establishing a mixed stream comprising transition metal tetrahalide and transition metal alkoxyhalides; (b) forming a falling liquid film from the mixed stream of step (a) at a temperature of from 25 to 85° C. and an absolute pressure of from 0.05 to 0.6 bar; and (c) establishing from the film of step (b) a first vapour stream containing from 90 to 100% of recoverable components and a second liquid stream containing about 10 to 80% of titanium haloalkoxides.

Compositions suitable for reversibly storing heat in thermal energy systems (TES) include a salt hydrate represented by the formula: MX.sub.q.nH.sub.2O. M is a cation selected from Groups 1 to 14 of the IUPAC Periodic Table, X is a halide of Group 17, q ranges from 1 to 4, and n ranges from 1 to 12. The cation (M) may have an electronegativity of ≤ about 1.8 and a molar mass ≤ about 28 g/mol. The anion (X) may have an electronegativity of ≥ about 2.9 to ≤ about 3.2. A distance between a cation (M) and coordinating water molecules (H.sub.2O) is ≤ about 2.1 Å. Thermal energy systems (TES) incorporating such compositions are also provided that are configured to reversibly store heat in the thermal energy system (TES) via an endothermic dehydration reaction and to release heat in in the thermal energy system (TES) via an exothermic hydration reaction.