A class of compositions that are inclusive of a lithium metal oxide or oxyfluoride compound having a general formula: LiTM[n]OF where TM[n] represents a number of transition metal species inclusive of transitional metal species differentiated by charge or d.sup.0 electron shell conformation, with [n] being at least 4 of said transitional metal species, and wherein said lithium metal oxide or oxyfluoride has a cation-disordered rocksalt (DRX) structure and a mitigated SRO via a high entropy DRX design strategy. Also featured is a method of synthesizing the high entropy DRX lithium metal oxide or oxyfluoride compounds, as well as usage of the same in Li-ion batteries, with particular utility in cathodes of such Li-ion batteries.

Secondary batteries using lithium cobalt oxide as positive electrode active materials have a problem of a decrease in battery capacity due to repeated charging/discharging, for example. A positive electrode active material particle which hardly deteriorates is provided. In a first step, a container in which a lithium oxide and a fluoride are set is placed in a heating furnace, and in a second step, the inside of the heating furnace is heated in an atmosphere containing oxygen. The heating temperature of the second step is from 750° C. to 950° C., inclusive. By the manufacturing method, fluorine can be contained in the positive electrode active material particle to increase the wettability of the surface of the positive electrode active material so that the surface of the positive electrode active material is homogenized and planarized. The crystal structure of the thus manufactured positive electrode active material is unlikely to be broken in repeated high-voltage charging/discharging. Thus, secondary batteries using the positive electrode active material having such a feature have greatly improved cycle characteristics.

A positive electrode active material having a crystal structure that is unlikely to be broken by repeated charging and discharging is provided. A positive electrode active material with high charge and discharge capacity is provided. A positive electrode active material including lithium, cobalt, nickel, magnesium, and oxygen, in which the a-axis lattice constant of an outermost surface layer of the positive electrode active material is larger than the a-axis lattice constant of an inner portion and in which the c-axis lattice constant of the outermost surface layer is larger than the c-axis lattice constant of the inner portion. A rate of change between the a-axis lattice constant of the outermost surface layer and the a-axis lattice constant of the inner portion is preferably larger than 0 and less than or equal to 0.12, and a rate of change between the c-axis lattice constant of the outermost surface layer and the c-axis lattice constant of the inner portion is preferably larger than 0 and less than or equal to 0.18.

A positive electrode active material having a crystal structure that is unlikely to be broken by repeated charging and discharging is provided. A positive electrode active material with high charge and discharge capacity is provided. One embodiment of the present invention is a positive electrode active material containing lithium, cobalt, nickel, and oxygen; in which a molar ratio of lithium, cobalt, and nickel is lithium: cobalt: nickel=1:1−x: x (0.3<x<0.75); in which the average of a bond distance between cobalt and oxygen and a bond distance between nickel and oxygen is longer than or equal to 1.94×10.sup.−10 m and shorter than or equal to 2.1×10.sup.−10 m in a crystal structure of the positive electrode active material; and in which the average of an angle formed between a line connecting cobalt to an adjacent oxygen and a line connecting cobalt to another adjacent oxygen and an angle formed between a line connecting nickel to an adjacent oxygen and a line connecting nickel to another adjacent oxygen is greater than or equal to 86.5° and less than 90°.

Disclosed herein is a stabilised Na-ion oxide P3 phase of formula (I): P3-Na.sub.xM.sub.yO.sub.z Where, x>0.66, 0.8≤y≤1.0, z≤2; and M is selected from one or more of the group consisting of a 3d transition metal, a 4d transition metal, Al, Mg, B, Si, Sn, Sr and Ca. The stabilised Na-ion oxide P3 phase of formula (I) may be particularly useful as an active material in a Na-ion battery.

Electromagnetic Electromagnetic wave absorbing particles including cesium tungsten oxide represented by a general formula Cs.sub.xW.sub.1-yO.sub.3-z (0.2≤x≤0.4, 0<y≤0.4, and 0<z≤0.46) and having an orthorhombic crystal structure or a hexagonal crystal structure are provided.

This positive electrode active substance for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery contains a lithium-transition metal composite oxide which has a crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m and is represented by the compositional formula Li.sub.xMn.sub.yM.sub.aO.sub.bF.sub.c (in the formula: M is at least one type of metal element excluding Mn; x+y+a=b+c=2; 1<x≤1.35; 0.4≤y≤0.9; 0≤a≤0.2; and 1.3≤b≤1.8). In addition, the lattice constant a of the lithium-transition metal composite oxide is 4.09-4.16.

Solid-state lithium ion electrolytes of lithium silicate based composites are provided which contain an anionic framework capable of conducting lithium ions. An activation energy for lithium ion migration in the solid state lithium ion electrolytes is 0.5 eV or less and room temperature conductivities are greater than 10.sup.0.5 S/cm. Composites of specific formulae are provided and methods to alter the composite materials with inclusion of aliovalent ions shown. Lithium batteries containing the composite lithium ion electrolytes are also provided.

The invention relates to polyoxometalates represented by the formula (A.sub.n)m.sup.+[(MR′.sub.t).sub.sO.sub.yH.sub.qR.sub.z(X.sub.8W.sub.48+rO.sub.184+4r)].sup.m− or solvates thereof, corresponding supported polyoxometalates, and processes for their preparation, as well as corresponding metal cluster units, optionally in the form of a dispersion in a liquid carrier medium or immobilized on a solid support, and processes for their preparation, as well as their use in conversion of organic substrate.

The present exemplary embodiments relate to a positive electrode active material and a lithium secondary battery including the same. The positive active material for a lithium secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment includes lithium metal oxide particles including lithium, nickel, cobalt, manganese and doping elements, and includes a first domain and a second domain inside the lithium metal oxide particles.