A method for mitigating microbe buildup within a potable water supply system including: cleaning of the water supply system; acquiring data including at least water conditions at multiple points within the potable water supply system; a control system adjusting local water conditions within the potable water supply system; a bacteria monitor assessing water within the potable water system to determine at least levels of bacteria within the potable water system; and applying an antimicrobial condition to water within the potable water system.

A water treatment system is provided. The system includes a container holding a reactant liquid within the container. The system further includes an electrode capsule removably retained within the container and submerged in the reactant liquid. The electrode capsule operates to generate reactant gas by operating within the reactant liquid. The system includes a cap releasably coupled to an opening of the container. The cap includes a nozzle that allows flow of reactant gas out of the container to treat an amount of water. The use of the system operates to treat water for particular applications and controlling pH level range and/or alkalinity for each particular application.

The polarization and turbulent water ionizer intended for white and sanitary conveniences comprising a hollow body with a system of through-flow openings for inlet and outlet of water fitted with systems of electrodes arranged inside in an alternating manner, made of differently conductive materials and stabilized within spacers is further resolved in a manner where the cylindrical or flat electrodes (1) of the anode and of the electrodes (2) of the cathode have turbulent openings (3) and/or deflected turbulent fans (4), where the hollow body (5) is fitted with a shield (6) protecting against electromagnetic field. In one embodiment the axes of the cylindrical electrodes (1) of the anode and of the electrodes (2) of the cathode are arranged inside the hollow body (5) and oriented perpendicularly to the through-flow openings (7). In the other case, the axes of the flat electrodes (1) of the anode and of the electrodes (2) of the cathode are arranged inside the hollow body (5) and oriented axially with reference to the through-flow openings (7). The shield (6) protecting against electromagnetic field applied on the inner side of the hollow body (5) refers to a metallic grid/gauze and/or a metallic plate.

Compositions made of laminate comprised of porous carbon nanotube (CNT) are disclosed. Uses of the Compositions, particularly for reducing a formation of a load of a microorganism or of a biofilm, are also disclosed.

A device for removing ions from a solution. The device includes first and second intercalation hosts, an anion exchange membrane, a first compartment extending between the first intercalation host and the anion exchange membrane, and a second compartment extending between the second intercalation host and the anion exchange membrane. The first and/or second intercalation hosts include a mixture of first and second intercalation materials. The first and/or second intercalation hosts may include layers (e.g., alternating layers) of the first and second intercalation materials. The first and second intercalation materials are different.

An electrode for use in a device configured to remove ions from a solution. The electrode includes an intercalation material including a binary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, a ternary transition metal Prussian blue analogue compound, or a combination thereof. The binary compound may have a general formula: A.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.z[Fe(CN).sub.6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; and 0≤z≤1. The ternary compound may have the general formula: A.sub.xB.sub.yC.sub.zD.sub.w[Fe(CN).sub.6], where A=Li, Na, or K; B=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; C=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; D=Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, or Zn; 0≤x≤1; 0≤y≤1; 0≤z≤1; 0≤w≤1.

A fluid-treatment apparatus has a coil structure, a first circuit formed by a rectifier diode and a capacitor in parallel connection, a second circuit formed by a first coil wound on a first section of the coil structure and a second coil wound on a second section of the coil structure, and a third circuit formed by a third coil wound on the second coil and a fourth coil wound on a third section of the coil structure. The first and second coils have a first winding direction, and the third and fourth coils have a second winding direction opposite to the first winding direction. The first and second coils are a first alternate-current (AC) input terminal and the anode of the rectifier diode. The third and fourth coils are connected to a second alternate-current (AC) input terminal and the cathode of the rectifier diode.

Disclosed is a water treatment device such as a water purifier. In particular, a water treatment device capable of producing sterilizing water is disclosed. The device includes a sterilizing water producing module for electrolyzing raw water to produce sterilizing water, wherein the sterilizing water producing module includes a plurality of first electrodes and a plurality of second electrodes arranged alternately with each other and spaced from each other, wherein the first and second electrodes have opposite polarities to each other, wherein a polarity of each of the first electrode and the second electrode is switchable to between a positive potential and a negative potential, such that the sterilizing water producing module operates such that a positive potential operation and a negative potential operation are alternately repeated, wherein a magnitude of voltage or current applied to the sterilizing water producing module under the negative potential operation is smaller than a magnitude of voltage or current applied to the module under the positive potential operation.

A device for removing ions from a flow of water includes a first electrode and a counter-electrode opposite the first electrode in the flow of water. The first electrode contains at least one material which is capable of intercalating one or both of Mg.sup.2+ and Ca.sup.2+ ions in the flow of water. The counter-electrode can include a material capable of binding to anions in the flow of water.

A fluid-treatment apparatus has a coil structure, a first circuit formed by a rectifier diode and a capacitor in parallel connection, a second circuit formed by a first coil wound on a first section of the coil structure and a second coil wound on a second section of the coil structure, and a third circuit formed by a third coil wound on the second coil and a fourth coil wound on a third section of the coil structure. The first and second coils have a first winding direction, and the third and fourth coils have a second winding direction opposite to the first winding direction. The first and second coils are a first alternate-current (AC) input terminal and the anode of the rectifier diode. The third and fourth coils are connected to a second alternate-current (AC) input terminal and the cathode of the rectifier diode.