Methods of treating a water sample containing both free fluoride and fluorinated organic compounds are described. The methods are effective at removing high amounts of the free fluoride while retaining high amounts of the fluorinated organic compounds. The methods include combining the water sample with a hexaalkyldisiloxane, a strong acid and a compatibilizing solvent; reacting the free fluoride with the disiloxane; and removing the fluorinated reaction product.

Various illustrative embodiments of a process for enhanced flocculation and clarification of produced water from oil and gas wells using nanoparticles are provided herein. Certain nanoparticles can increase the settling rate of solids in produced water when used alone or combined with certain conventional flocculents.

Use of an alkyltrichlorosilane of the following formula I: R—SiCl.sub.3, wherein: R represents an alkyl group, Si represents a silicon atom and Cl represents a chlorine atom, and/or of a silsesquioxane of the following formula II: [RSiO.sub.3/2].sub.n, wherein: R represents an alkyl group, Si represents a silicon atom, O represents an oxygen atom and n represents an integer, for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the treatment of water. Further, a method for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the purification of water is provided, as well as an inclusion and/or intercalation compound, a kit for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the purification of water as well as a water treatment system.

Tablets for treating and disinfecting water, particularly for water of swimming pools and spas comprising a halogenated derivative of isocyanuric acid together with a volatile additive, chemically incompatible with the latter, encapsulated in a microporous or mesoporous material which has a certain pore size, pore volume and a specific surface. The tablets are chemically stable, while maintaining the expected activity of both the halogenated derivative of isocyanuric acid and the additive.

Use of an alkyltrichlorosilane of the following formula I: R-SiCl.sub.3, wherein: R represents an alkyl group, Si represents a silicon atom and Cl represents a chlorine atom, and/or of a silsesquioxane of the following formula II: [RSiO.sub.3/2].sub.n, wherein: R represents an alkyl group, Si represents a silicon atom, O represents an oxygen atom and n represents an integer, for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the treatment of water. Further, a method for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the purification of water is provided, as well as an inclusion and/or intercalation compound, a kit for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the purification of water as well as a water treatment system.

Silicon containing polyamine scale inhibitors derived from poly(primary amine)s are disclosed. The scale inhibitors can be used to reduce siliceous scale formation in industrial process streams such as alumina recovery process streams, nuclear waste streams and kraft paper mill effluent streams.

Use of an alkyltrichlorosilane of the following formula I: RSiCl.sub.3, wherein: R represents an alkyl group, Si represents a silicon atom and Cl represents a chlorine atom, and/or of a silsesquioxane of the following formula II: [RSiO.sub.3/2].sub.n, wherein: R represents an alkyl group, Si represents a silicon atom, O represents an oxygen atom and n represents an integer, for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the treatment of water. Further, a method for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the purification of water is provided, as well as an inclusion and/or intercalation compound, a kit for the removal of microplastic particles from water and/or for the purification of water as well as a water treatment system.

Methods of treating a water sample containing both free fluoride and fluorinated organic compounds are described. The methods are effective at removing high amounts of the free fluoride while retaining high amounts of the fluorinated organic compounds. The methods include combining the water sample with a hexaalkyldisiloxane, a strong acid and a compatibilizing solvent; reacting the free fluoride with the disiloxane; and removing the fluorinated reaction product.

Various illustrative embodiments of a process for enhanced flocculation and clarification of produced water from oil and gas wells using nanoparticles are provided herein. Certain nanoparticles can increase the settling rate of solids in produced water when used alone or combined with certain conventional flocculents.

Disclosed herein are silicon containing polymers and compositions containing the same able to flocculate suspended solids in the Bayer or Sinter process stream.