The present disclosure provides methods, electrodes, and systems for electrochemical oxidation of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluroalkyl (PFAS) contaminants using Magnéli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes. Magneli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes can be porous and can be included in reactive electrochemical membrane filtration systems for filtration, concentration, and oxidation of PFASs and other contaminants.

A method of electrolyzed impingement cavitation includes disposing a conductive rod at least partially within a lumen of a reactor pipe comprising a plurality of beveled perforations, disposing the conductive rod and the reactor pipe at least partially within a lumen of a reactor casing, electrically connecting a positive terminal of a direct current voltage source to the conductive rod, electrically connecting a negative terminal of the direct current voltage source to the reactor pipe, the reactor casing, or both, and applying a direct current to the conductive rod while fluidly communicating fluids into the lumen of the reactor pipe. The fluids are directed out of the plurality of beveled perforations forming enhanced cavitation bubbles that impinge an inner surface of the reactor casing while in at least part of an electrolysis reaction. Fluids are discharged from an annulus between the reactor pipe and the reactor casing.

Self-cleaning electrochemical cells, systems including self-cleaning electrochemical cells, and methods of operating self-cleaning electrochemical cells are disclosed. The self-cleaning electrochemical cell can include a plurality of concentric electrodes disposed in a housing, a fluid channel defined between the concentric electrodes, and an electrical connector positioned at a distal end of a concentric electrode and electrically connected to the electrode. The electrical connectors may be configured to provide a substantially even current distribution to the concentric electrode and minimize a zone of reduced velocity occurring downstream from the electrical connector. The electrical connector may be configured to cause a temperature of an electrolyte solution to increase by less than about 0.5° C. while transmitting at least 100 W of power.

An electrochemical cell may include: an anode; a porous anodic current collector; a cathode; a porous cathodic current collector; and an alkali metal-conducting separator that separates the anode from the cathode and is disposed surrounding the anodic current collector. The cathode may include seawater. A battery module may include a plurality of the electrochemical cells, and a battery may include a plurality of the battery modules.

A water-processing electrochemical reactor that comprises a cylindrical inner anode (73), an outer tubular cathode (74), an intermediate chamber between the anode (73) and the cathode (74) and being crossed by the water, an outer shell (77) surrounding the cathode (74), a water inlet (71) and a water outlet (78), and a gas inlet (80) and gas outlet (79) connected to the outer shell (77) and to the gas chamber. The cathode surrounds the inner anode (73) and is porous to gas. A gas chamber is defined between the cathode (74) and the outer shell (77). The gas chamber contains a gas comprising oxygen and is at an overpressure that forces the gas through the porous cathode (74).

An electrochemical oxidation reactor includes rotatable electrodes inside a reactor vessel. The electrodes are mounted to support plates, which in turn are mounted on shafts. The plates are attached to each other in a spaced relationship so that a gap is formed therebetween. The plates are each electrically insulated from each other. The electrodes are mounted to the inside surfaces of these plates, inside the gap. The gap is sized to receive liquid to be treated so that liquid located within the gap will react with the electrodes. An electrical charge is applied to each shaft so that a dielectric is formed across the gap within the fluid located in the gap. According to a first embodiment, an electrochemical reactor includes containing two spaced electrode support plates. According to another embodiment, an electrochemical reactor includes several spaced electrode support plates.

The invention relates to a system for reducing the hardness of a water body. According to the system, the acidic water body near a filter element anode is continuously extracted in the electrolytic process, the effect of acid-alkali separation can be achieved without internally disposing an ion exchange membrane, acid-alkali mixing generated by electrodes slows down, the alkaline atmosphere of a cathode chamber is kept, and a good environment is provided for generation of calcium carbonate seed crystals; and meanwhile, the acidic water body extracted near the anode of an electrochemical electrolysis unit can be used for regenerating ion exchange resin in an ion exchange column, so that resources are fully utilized.

Methods and systems for the purification of an aqueous solution comprising a photocatalyst employed as an anode and a cathode in communication with an electrolyte to achieve a current flow wherein a charge is applied between the cathode and the photocatalytic excited anode a corresponding increase in electron-hole pairs occurs.

The disclosure provides a novel electrocatalytic membrane reactor and use thereof in preparation of high-purity hydrogen. The electrocatalytic membrane reactor adopts an H-shaped electrolytic tank in which a cathode chamber is isolated from an anode chamber through a diaphragm, a membrane electrode is used as an anode, an auxiliary electrode is used as a cathode, a direct-current regulated power supply supplies a constant current, and the flow of a reaction solution is realized through a pump. In the disclosure, electrocatalysis is coupled with a membrane separation function, an oxygen evolution reaction is replaced with an organic electrochemical oxidation reaction in the anode chamber so as to reduce the overpotential of the oxygen evolution reaction, and a hydrogen evolving reaction is performed in the cathode chamber to prepare high-purity hydrogen.

Technologies are generally described for an apparatus configured to process a volume of a fluid and provide an electrolyzed fluid. Example apparatuses described herein may include a base cell, electrodes and/or a variable expansion cell. The base cell may be configured to contain at least a portion of the volume of the fluid. Electrodes may include an anode and a cathode. The electrodes may be configured to be mounted within the base cell. The variable expansion cell may be coupled to the base cell, and adjustably configured to change a volumetric space of the apparatus to accommodate the volume of the fluid such that the electrodes are substantially immersed in the fluid.