There are provided processes for treating a residual. For example, such processes can comprise treating a mixture comprising the residual, a peracid or source thereof and an ammonium salt in a reactor, with an electric field, by means of at least one anode and at least one cathode that define therebetween an electrokinetic zone for treating the mixture. Such processes allow for inactivation of at least one type of pathogen in the residual so as to obtain a treated residual.

Electrolyzer for catholyte production comprises an inner hollow cylindrical anode, an outer cylindrical cathode, and a diaphragm interposed between them. The length of the working part of the anode is at most 2 to 6 times the outer diameter of the anode. The inner hollow anode is made of one or two sections, the sections being connected to each other by a flow dielectric cylindrical sleeve having a diameter not larger than the outer diameter of the anode. The inner hollow anode has openings for introduction of water into inner cavity of the anode and openings for discharge of water at opposite ends of diameters of the anode lid. The electrolyzer for catholyte production operates in a horizontal position because outlet openings of the anode lid are located at the ends of the diameter of the anode lid, close to the outlet openings of the electrolyzer lid facing vertically upwards.

A water treatment system includes a water inlet that intakes water to be treated, a high voltage (HV) electrode having a porous metal surface area in a range of between 0.1 cm.sup.2 and 5 cm.sup.2 in fluid communication with the water, such that the water flows through the porous metal surface area of the HV electrode, a ground electrode disposed across a gap from the HV electrode, in fluid communication with the water, a high voltage power supply electrically connected to the HV electrode for generating spark plasma or pulsed electric fields having a rise time equal to or less than 60 nanoseconds (ns) and an amplitude greater than or equal to 30 kV/cm across the gap, thereby producing treated water, and a water outlet that discharges the treated water.

A hydrogen-containing water generator includes a cathode portion of cylindrical shape that has a plurality of openings in a side thereof, an anode portion of cylindrical shape that is provided radially outside the cathode portion and has a plurality of openings in a side thereof, an electrolytic vessel that is transparent, has a cylindrical shape, and is internally provided with the cathode portion and the anode portion, a water supply part that supplies water into the cathode portion from one end side of the cathode portion; and a drain part that drains water inside the electrolytic vessel from the other end side of the cathode portion.

An electrolysis system for water cleaning employs close anode and cathode plate spacing while providing cleaning of the plates. In one embodiment a moving anode allows access to the plates for cleaning.

A system for generation of radicals in a liquid (e.g., OH and derivatively H.sub.2O.sub.2 in water) by a plasma reactor, including a first electrode having a rod shape or a tubular shape; a dielectric tubular housing coaxial with the first electrode and enclosing the first electrode, and having a gap to the first electrode of 0.3-30 mm; a second electrode on an outside of the dielectric tubular housing and coaxial with first electrode with a gap 0.3-30 mm; a high voltage power supply providing voltage oscillations or pulses of 0.5-30 kV and a frequency 1-50 kHz between the first and second electrodes; and a pump or a Venturi injector on an output of the plasma reactor and a chock valve on an input of reactor for generating a low water pressure in the gap between first and second electrodes so as to generate boiling in the gap.

A system for treating a source of water contaminated with PFAS is disclosed. The system includes a PFAS separation stage having an inlet fluidly connectable to the source of water contaminated with PFAS, a diluate outlet, and a concentrate outlet and a PFAS elimination stage positioned downstream of the PFAS separation stage and having an inlet fluidly connected to an outlet of the PFAS separation stage, the elimination of the PFAS occurring onsite with respect to the source of water contaminated with PFAS, with the system maintaining an elimination rate of PFAS greater than about 99%. A method of treating water contaminated with PFAS is also disclosed. The method includes introducing contaminated water from a source of water contaminated with a first concentration of PFAS to an inlet of a

PFAS separation stage, treating the contaminated water in the PFAS separation stage to produce a product water substantially free of PFAS and a PFAS concentrate having a second PFAS concentration greater than the first PFAS concentration, introducing the PFAS concentrate to an inlet of a PFAS elimination stage; and activating the PFAS elimination stage to eliminate the PFAS in the PFAS concentrate. A method of retrofitting a water treatment system as described herein is also disclosed. The method includes providing a PFAS elimination module as described herein and fluidly connecting the PFAS elimination module downstream of a PFAS separation stage.

The invention relates to a device consisting of a reactor facility for the electrolytic treatment, with relation to flow dynamics, of fluid or gaseous media or mixtures of the two. In the context of this invention, electrolytic treatment with relation to flow dynamics means the combination of the production of at least one rotating fluid eddy and the eversion of the eddy by means of electrolysis taking place in the reactor facility. The guided fluid eddy is efficiently treated, cleaned and disinfected by this combination in the reactor facility according to the invention. The invention further relates to a method for the electrolytic treatment, with relation to flow dynamics, of fluid media in the reactor facility according to the invention.

The present invention relates to a bio electrochemical system for the treatment of organic liquid wastes. The bio electrochemical system comprises a container; at least one tube shaped separator vertically disposed such that it penetrates the container; at least one anode disposed in the external space of the tube shaped separator; at least one cathode disposed in the interior space of the tube shaped separator; and at least one partition plate horizontally disposed such that it forms multistage horizontal flow channels for organic liquid wastes in the container.

The polarization and turbulent water ionizer intended for white and sanitary conveniences comprising a hollow body with a system of through-flow openings for inlet and outlet of water fitted with systems of electrodes arranged inside in an alternating manner, made of differently conductive materials and stabilized within spacers is further resolved in a manner where the cylindrical or flat electrodes (1) of the anode and of the electrodes (2) of the cathode have turbulent openings (3) and/or deflected turbulent fans (4), where the hollow body (5) is fitted with a shield (6) protecting against electromagnetic field. In one embodiment the axes of the cylindrical electrodes (1) of the anode and of the electrodes (2) of the cathode are arranged inside the hollow body (5) and oriented perpendicularly to the through-flow openings (7). In the other case, the axes of the flat electrodes (1) of the anode and of the electrodes (2) of the cathode are arranged inside the hollow body (5) and oriented axially with reference to the through-flow openings (7). The shield (6) protecting against electromagnetic field applied on the inner side of the hollow body (5) refers to a metallic grid/gauze and/or a metallic plate.