The present disclosure describes a microorganism support structure, including a gas-permeable layer comprising two opposing surfaces; a microorganism adhesive coats at least one surface of the gas-permeable layer; and a microorganism disposed on the microorganism adhesive-coated surface of the layer. The microorganism adhesive enhances the adhesion of the microorganism on the layer compared to a gas-permeable layer that does not have the microorganism adhesive.

A method and a kit for determining the amount of anammox bacteria in a bioreactor, comprising the steps of: i) removing a sample from the bioreactor; iii) mixing the sample with alkali; v) heating the samples to at least 60° C.; vi) separating solid components; vii) adding a reducing agent to the liquid phase; viii) measuring the translucence of the liquid phase in a spectrophotometer at three wavelengths ranging from 500 to 600 nm; ix) comparing the measured translucence to a reference spectrum.

A method of treating wastewater is disclosed in which a flow equalization reactor is provided that includes at least one wastewater treatment zone. A first wastewater treatment process is performed in the at least one wastewater treatment zone, which can be switched to a second wastewater treatment process. The flow equalization reactor is designed with a variable liquid depth and volume that can operated as a mixed wastewater zone, an anaerobic reactor zone, an anoxic reactor zone or an aerobic reactor zone. The equalization reactor provides sufficient variable liquid depth and volume above a minimum liquid depth and residual volume to provide the necessary hydraulic flow equalization or surge volume to achieve a relatively constant effluent pumping rate or feed forward flow rate over 24 hours per day, seven days per week into the downstream biological treatment processes, clarifiers, filters, or disinfection units, etc.

This disclosure relates to nitrogen removal with carbon addition, including for wastewater treatment. The denitrification reaction may be terminated at an intermediate nitrite product which is supplied to the anammox reaction. Nitrogen may be removed by use of an electron donor source including, but not limited to, acetate or glycerol at a specific zone. The electron donor may be used to convert nitrate to nitrite through appropriate dosing, anoxic SRT and/or maintenance of a nitrate residual in isolation or in combination. The subsequent supply of nitrite and ammonia for anammox reactions is also proposed. The slower growing anammox may be selectively retained on media or using other physical approaches. The overall intent of the present disclosure is to minimize the use of electron donor by maximizing denitratation and anammox reactions. Test results for selective retention of anammox in biofilm, granular or suspended growth system or nitrate residual control are provided.

A wastewater treatment system includes two or more wastewater treatment reactors selected from an anoxic wastewater treatment reactor, a flex wastewater treatment reactor, and a hydroponic wastewater treatment reactor in fluid communication with and connecting a wastewater system inlet and a treated wastewater system outlet, each of the anoxic reactor, the flex reactor, or the hydroponic reactor including a reactor inlet for receiving wastewater to be treated and a reactor outlet directing treated wastewater from the anoxic reactor, the flex reactor, or the hydroponic reactor. The system also includes: (i) either but not both of the anoxic reactor or the flex reactor, (ii) a hydroponic reactor if the anoxic reactor is included, and (iii) at least two flex reactors if the hydroponic reactor is absent, and wherein at least one of the flex reactor or the hydroponic reactor includes an intermittent or pulsed aeration device and/or a submerged membrane or submerged root zone that achieves a natural gradient of oxidative states that is similar to oxidative states achieved using the intermittent or pulsed aeration device.

Provided are a household toilet waste treatment system and a method of treating toilet waste using the same, the household toilet waste treatment system comprising a solid-liquid separation toilet, a biological treatment apparatus, a sterilization apparatus, and a combustion apparatus. The combustion apparatus complements a slow biological treatment apparatus to allow continuous treatment of the household toilet waste in a unit space without long-distance piping connections.

A microbial carrier and a device for treating wastewater are provided. The microbial carrier includes a bacteriophilic material and a plurality of foam cells, wherein the foam cells are disposed in the bacteriophilic material. The bactericidal material is a reaction product of a composite, wherein the composition includes a hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol and a cross-linking agent, wherein the surface energy of the hydrophobic polyvinyl alcohol is 30 mJ/m.sup.2 to 58 mJ/m.sup.2.

The present invention relates to a side stream deammonification process where deammonification is performed by a non-continuous flow integrated fixed film activated sludge sequencing batch reactor (IFAS SBR) without the need of employing an external clarifier. More particularly, the present invention entails a single reactor designed to operate as an IFAS SBR or a moving bed bioreactor (MBBR). With the design of the single tank, the two operation modes, MBBR and IFAS SBR, are interchangeable depending on the treatment needs.

The invention relates to a new biological fluidized bed process with high concentration powder carriers used for the treatment of municipal wastewater, which is a fluidized bed system based on the principle of sewage biochemical treatment, by adding a compound powder carrier to the biochemical tank, and forming a high concentration mixture after mixing and microbial attachment; the sludge mixture after the reaction is concentrated and separated, and then enters the compound powder carrier cyclone separation and recovery system, which can separate most of the compound powder carrier from the discharged excess sludge, and then return to the biochemical tank for recycling. The highly integrated municipal wastewater treatment process proposed in the invention has high treatment efficiency, small occupation area, low operation energy consumption, and can realize the doubling of sewage treatment capacity and the improvement of effluent water quality without adding additional occupancy.

The present disclosure discloses a method for determining optimal preservation temperature of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation biofilm in wastewater treatment, and belongs to the technical field of environmental engineering. The method of the present disclosure characterizes the ratio of living cells, early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic cells and dead cells in the anaerobic ammonia oxidation biofilm by flow cytometry, and the optimum storage temperature can be measured within a few hours. The method of the present disclosure performs correlation analysis on the characteristic indexes of the anaerobic ammonia oxidation biofilm activity recovery process to verify the reliability of the data. By using the method of the present disclosure, the step of recovering the biofilm activity can be omitted, the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen were over 90% and 85%, respectively.