A method of fining glass is disclosed that includes flowing a molten glass bath through a fining chamber. The molten glass bath has an undercurrent that flows beneath a skimmer that is partially submerged in the molten glass bath. One or more fining agents are introduced into the undercurrent of the molten glass bath directly beneath the skimmer from a carrier gas. In this way, the fining agent(s) may selectively target the gas bubbles drawn under the skimmer within the undercurrent of the molten glass for removal. The method may be employed to fine molten gas produced in a submerged combustion melter. A fining vessel for fining molten glass is also disclosed.

A method of manufacturing a lithium aluminosilicate glass product suitable for making a glass-ceramic product, includes melting a vitrifiable mixture of raw materials, which are free from arsenic oxides and antimony oxides, apart from unavoidable traces, refining the molten material, cooling the molten material so as to form a glass, forming of the glass, wherein the vitrifiable mixture of raw materials includes petalite having a fraction by weight of total iron, expressed as Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, less than or equal to 200 ppm.

Aluminosilicate glass, chemically strengthened glass, and an application are provided. After the aluminosilicate glass is chemically strengthened, a glass substrate featuring a good mechanical strength and high chemical stability can be obtained, thereby meeting a requirement of cover glass for a glass material. The aluminosilicate glass does not include a B element and a P element, and includes at least silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, alkali metal oxide, and gallium oxide. The alkali metal oxide is at least one of lithium oxide and sodium oxide. The glass is used for production of the cover glass.

A cover glass of the present invention is characterized by including in a glass composition at least three or more components selected from SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, B.sub.2O.sub.3, Li.sub.2O, Na.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, MgO, CaO, BaO, TiC.sub.2, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, and P.sub.2O.sub.5, and having an X value of 7, 400 or more calculated by the following equation. The X value is a value calculated by the equation

X=61.1×[SiO.sub.2]+174.3×[Al.sub.2O.sub.3]+11.3×[B.sub.2O.sub.3]+124.7×[Li.sub.2O]−5.2×[Na.sub.2O]+226.7×[K.sub.2O]+139.4×[MgO]+117.5×[CaO]+89.6×[BaO]+191.8×[TiO.sub.2]+226.7×[Y.sub.2O.sub.3]+157.9×[ZrO.sub.2]−42.2×[P.sub.2O.sub.5].

A method for producing a glass ceramic includes: providing a batch of raw materials; heating the batch of raw materials until a melt is obtained, the batch of raw materials being heated at least in a plurality of sections to a temperature above T3 which corresponds to a viscosity of a molten glass of 10.sup.3 dPa*s; refining the melt, the melt being heated at least in a plurality of sections to a temperature above T2.5 which corresponds to a viscosity of the molten glass of 10.sup.2.5 dPa*s; obtaining a refined glass which is configured for being ceramized to form a glass ceramic material; and ceramizing a glass which is configured for being ceramized to form the glass ceramic material, at least one of the step of heating until the melt is obtained and the step of refining being performed with heating by way of H.sub.2 and O.sub.2 combustion.

A method for melting and/or refining glass, glass ceramic or glass which can be ceramized to form glass ceramic includes: providing a batch of raw materials; heating the batch until a melt of molten glass is obtained, the batch being heated at least in sections to a temperature above T3 which corresponds to a viscosity of the molten glass of 10.sup.3 dPa*s; refining the melt, the melt being heated at least in sections to a temperature above T2.5 which corresponds to a viscosity of the molten glass of 10.sup.2.5 dPa*s, refining of the melt includes adjusting an oxygen partial pressure p(O.sub.2) which is reduced by at least 60% relative to an O.sub.2 saturation in the melt at temperature T3; and obtaining a re-fined glass, a refined glass ceramic or a refined glass which can be ceramized to form glass ceramic.

Provided is a Li.sub.2O-Al.sub.2O.sub.3-SiO.sub.2-based crystallized glass that has a high permeability to light in a ultraviolet to infrared range and is less likely to be broken. A Li.sub.2O-Al.sub.2O.sub.3-SiO.sub.2-based crystallized glass contains, in terms of % by mass, 40 to 90% Si.sub.O2, 5 to 30% Al.sub.2O.sub.3, 1 to 10% Li.sub.2O, 0 to 20% SnO.sub.2, 0 to 5% ZrO.sub.2, 0 to 10% MgO, 0 to 10% P.sub.2O.sub.5, and 0 to 4% TiO.sub.2 and a mass ratio of Li.sub.2O/(MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO+Na.sub.2O+K.sub.2O) is 3 or less.

A method is provided for inputting thermal energy into fluidic medium in a process or processes related to oil refining and/or petrochemical industries by at least one rotary apparatus comprising a casing with at least one inlet and at least one exit, a rotor comprising at least one row of rotor blades arranged over a circumference of a rotor hub mounted onto a rotor shaft, and a stator configured as an assembly of stationary vanes arranged at least upstream of the at least one row of rotor blades. In the method, an amount of thermal energy is imparted to a stream of fluidic medium directed along a flow path formed inside the casing between the inlet and the exit by virtue of a series of energy transformations occurring when said stream of fluidic medium passes through stationary and rotating components of said rotary apparatus, respectively. The method further comprises: integration of said at least one rotary apparatus into a heat-consuming process facility configured as a refining and/or petrochemical facility and further configured to carry out heat-consuming process or processes related to refining of oil and/or producing petrochemicals at temperatures essentially equal to or exceeding 500 degrees Celsius (° C.), and conducting an amount of input energy into the at least one rotary apparatus integrated into the heat-consuming process facility, the input energy comprises electrical energy. A rotary apparatus and related uses are further provided.

A fining package for a glass composition may include cerium dioxide (CeO.sub.2) and tin oxide (SnO.sub.2). CeO.sub.2 may be present in an amount of 0.08 to 0.5 wt % of the glass composition, and SnO.sub.2 may be present in an amount of 0.02 to 0.23 wt % of the glass composition. The glass composition may be used to form glass tubing. The glass tubing may be used to form a pharmaceutical packaging. For example, the pharmaceutical packaging may comprise an ampoule. The fining package may further include chloride (Cl) in an amount of 0 to 0.03 wt % of the glass composition. In some instances, the fining package may be Cl-free. In some instances, the fining package may be F-free. The glass composition may comprise a borosilicate glass composition. The glass composition may comprise an aluminosilicate glass composition.

A method of producing flint glass using submerged combustion melting involves introducing a vitrifiable feed material into a glass melt contained within a submerged combustion melter. The vitrifiable feed material is formulated to provide the glass melt with a glass chemical composition suitable for producing flint glass articles. To that end, the glass melt comprises a total iron content expressed as Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 in an amount ranging from 0.04 wt % to 0.06 wt % and also has a redox ratio that ranges from 0.1 to 0.4, and the vitrifiable feed material further includes between 0.008 wt % and 0.016 wt % of selenium or between 0.1 wt % and 0.2 wt % of manganese oxide in order to achieve an appropriate content of selenium or manganese oxide in the glass melt.