Systems and methods for flow cells are provided. Flow cells may encompass a range of fluidic devices for various applications ranging from microfluidic systems to bulk phase flow systems. Flow cells may comprise one or more components for passive or active fluid transfer. Descriptions are provided for advantageous methods of fabricating flow cells for particular applications such as biological assays. Provided is a composition, comprising a first substrate comprising a first covalently-bound ligand; and a second substrate comprising a second covalently-bound ligand; wherein the first covalently-bound ligand and the second covalently-bound ligand are covalently bonded to form a heterocyclic compound. Also provided is a flow cell device, comprising: a first substrate comprising a microfabricated surface; and a second substrate comprising a non-patterned surface; wherein the first substrate is joined to the second substrate to form an enclosure; and wherein the microfabricated surface comprises at least one chamber, wherein the chamber comprises a microarray of active sites with specific functionalization separated by an optically resolvable distance and a functionalized surface comprising a passivating group or a blocking group; and wherein each active site of the microarray of active sites comprises a capture agent.

An object is to develop a measurement method, and a measurement substrate, for measuring SPF or other value in a single measurement, instead of having to measure it on many substrates as has been the case to date. As a solution, a substrate for UV transmittance evaluation, including a base material that allows UV rays in a range of 290 to 400 nm to transmit through, and a layer provided on one side thereof that contains at least one type of compound other than cellulose triacetate that has a sugar skeleton but is not a salt, is provided.

A method for structuring an anti-counterfeit marking (18) in the thickness of an object (1) made from an at least partially transparent amorphous, semi-crystalline or crystalline material, the at least partially transparent object (1) comprising a top surface (2) and a bottom surface (4) which extends at a distance from the top surface (2).

Described herein are articles and methods of making articles, for example glass articles, comprising a thin sheet and a carrier, wherein the thin sheet and carrier are bonded together using a modification (coating) layer, for example a coating layer comprising a cationic surfactant or a coating layer comprising an organic salt, and associated deposition methods. The modification layer bonds the thin sheet and carrier together with sufficient bond strength to prevent delamination of the thin sheet and the carrier during high temperature (? 500° C.) processing while also preventing formation of a permanent bond between the sheets during such processing.

Provided is an antireflective member that has a water- and oil-repellent layer on a multi-layered antireflective layer and is capable of exhibiting excellent surface lubricity, water- and oil-repellent properties, and durability. The surface of the multi-layered antireflective layer on a base material has a root-mean-square surface roughness of 0.8 nm to 2.0 nm. The water- and oil-repellent layer has a thickness of 1 to 30 nm and is a cured product of water- and oil-repellents having as principal components a fluorooxyalkylene group-containing polymer modified organosilicon compound with the numerical average molecular weight of 4,500 to 10,000 of a fluoropolymer part and/or partial hydrolysis condensate thereof.

Methods for manufacturing a carbon-containing glass material are disclosed. The method includes flowing a hydrocarbon gas and silane into a reactor, and providing an additive to the reactor. The method includes generating a non-thermal equilibrium plasma based on excitement of the hydrocarbon gas and the silane by a microwave energy, where the non-thermal equilibrium plasma includes a plurality of methyl radicals. The method includes ion-bombarding the glass material with at least the methyl radicals to create an interphase region. The method includes forming a plurality of FLG nanoplatelets within the interphase region based on recombination or self-nucleation of the methyl radicals. The FLG nanoplatelets may be dispersed throughout the interphase region in a non-periodic orientation that at least partially inhibits formation of cracks in the glass material. The method includes doping surfaces of the FLG nanoplatelets with the additive, and intercalating the additive between adjacent graphene layers within the FLG nanoplatelets formed in the glass material.

A method of UV photobleaching a glass sample having UV-induced colorization is disclosed. The processed includes first irradiating the glass sample with colorizing UV radiation having a colorizing wavelength of λ.sub.C<300 nm to form the colorized glass, which has a pink hue. The method then includes irradiating the colorized glass with bleaching UV radiation having a bleaching wavelength of λ.sub.B, wherein 248 nm≦λ.sub.B≦365 nm, to substantially remove the pink hue.

A method is provided for treating the outer surfaces of a plurality of glass bubbles. That method includes loading a plurality of glass bubbles into a processing vessel having a roughened lining and displacing the processing vessel so that the plurality of glass bubbles move against the roughened lining to thereby roughen the outer surfaces. Alternatively, or in addition, the glass bubbles are subjected to air plasma treatment to increase the surface energy of the glass bubbles.

Antireflective nanoparticle coatings and methods of forming the coatings on substrates are disclosed. One method for forming an antireflective coating includes depositing a nanoparticle coating layer on a substrate, wherein the nanoparticle coating layer includes a colloidal solution of nanoparticles and a solidifying material. The solidifying material includes a silica precursor. The method further includes curing the solidifying material to form silica inter-particle connections between adjacent nanoparticles and between at least some of the nanoparticles and the substrate to bind the nanoparticles to each other and to the substrate to form the antireflective coating.

The present invention provides a surface-treating agent comprising a fluorine-containing compound having a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond at its molecular terminal as a group of —Y-A wherein Y is a single bond, an oxygen atom or a divalent organic group, and A is —CH═CH.sub.2 or —C≡CH, which is able to form a layer having higher alkaline resistance.