Provided is an inorganic composition having excellent mechanical strength and the like.

Disclosed is an inorganic composition and the like, wherein the flexural strength of the inorganic composition is 300 MPa or greater, and the fluorescence intensity based on JIS K 0120, is 3,000 RFU or less.

Methods for manufacturing a carbon-containing glass material are disclosed. The method includes flowing a hydrocarbon gas and silane into a reactor, and providing an additive to the reactor. The method includes generating a non-thermal equilibrium plasma based on excitement of the hydrocarbon gas and the silane by a microwave energy, where the non-thermal equilibrium plasma includes a plurality of methyl radicals. The method includes ion-bombarding the glass material with at least the methyl radicals to create an interphase region. The method includes forming a plurality of FLG nanoplatelets within the interphase region based on recombination or self-nucleation of the methyl radicals. The FLG nanoplatelets may be dispersed throughout the interphase region in a non-periodic orientation that at least partially inhibits formation of cracks in the glass material. The method includes doping surfaces of the FLG nanoplatelets with the additive, and intercalating the additive between adjacent graphene layers within the FLG nanoplatelets formed in the glass material.

In some implementations, a carbon-containing glass material includes a surface-to-air interface and an interphase region extending from the surface-to-air interface along a direction to a depth within the carbon-containing glass material. The surface-to-air interface may be exposed to ambient air, and the interphase region may include a plurality of few layer graphene (FLG) nanoplatelets formed in response to recombination and/or self-nucleation of a plurality of carbon-containing radicals implanted within the interphase region. The FLG nanoplatelets have a non-periodic orientation configured to at least partially inhibit formation or propagation of microcracks and/or micro-voids in the carbon-containing glass material. The glass material may also include a compressive stress layer disposed between the interphase region and the surface-to-air interface of the carbon-containing glass material, the compressive stress layer induced by ion bombardment of the carbon-containing glass material by a plurality of ionized inert gas particles.

Provided is a silicate article comprising SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Na.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, MgO and ZrO.sub.2, wherein the content of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 is 15-28 parts by weight, the content of Na.sub.2O is 13-25 parts by weight, the content of K.sub.2O is 6-15 parts by weight, the content of MgO is 7-16 parts by weight, and the content of ZrO.sub.2 is 0.1-5 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of SiO.sub.2; and M is 5-13, as calculated by the following formula: M=P.sub.1*wt (Na.sub.2O)+P.sub.2*wt (K.sub.2O)+P.sub.3*wt (MgO)+P.sub.4*wt (ZrO.sub.2)−P.sub.5*wt (Al.sub.2O.sub.3)*wt (Al.sub.2O.sub.3). In the formula, P.sub.1 has a value of 0.53, P.sub.2 has a value of 0.153, P.sub.3 has a value of 0.36, P.sub.4 has a value of 0.67, and P.sub.5 has a value of 0.018. The invention further provides a method for chemically strengthening the silicate article, wherein the Young's modulus and the surface compressive stress value of the silicate article can be further improved by using an ultrasonic treatment or both an ultrasonic treatment and a microwave treatment during the chemical strengthening process; furthermore, the tendency of the compressive stress value to change with depth and the depth of a layer of compressive stress can be controlled, thereby effectively preventing spontaneous burst, or slow cracking after collision.

Methods for manufacturing and/or reinforcing a carbon-containing glass material are disclosed. The method includes supplying a non-thermal equilibrium plasma including a plurality of positive charged gas particles and a plurality of ionized inert gas particles into a reaction chamber, and accelerating at least the plurality of positive charged gas particles through the reaction chamber based on application of an external electric potential to the non-thermal equilibrium plasma. The method includes bombarding a surface-to-air interface of the glass material with the accelerated positive charged gas particles and the ionized inert gas particles, and forming an interphase region in the glass material in response to the bombardment. The method includes forming a compressive stress layer in the glass material in response to the bombardment by at least the ionized inert gas particles. The compressive stress layer may be disposed between the interphase region and the surface-to-air interface of the carbon-containing glass material.

In some implementations, a carbon-containing glass material includes a surface-to-air interface and an interphase region extending from the surface-to-air interface along a direction to a depth within the carbon-containing glass material. The surface-to-air interface may be exposed to ambient air, and the interphase region may include a plurality of few layer graphene (FLG) nanoplatelets formed in response to recombination and/or self-nucleation of a plurality of carbon-containing radicals implanted within the interphase region. The FLG nanoplatelets have a non-periodic orientation configured to at least partially inhibit formation or propagation of microcracks and/or micro-voids in the carbon-containing glass material. The glass material may also include a compressive stress layer disposed between the interphase region and the surface-to-air interface of the carbon-containing glass material, the compressive stress layer induced by ion bombardment of the carbon-containing glass material by a plurality of ionized inert gas particles.

Methods for manufacturing a carbon-containing glass material are disclosed. The method includes flowing a hydrocarbon gas and silane into a reactor, and providing an additive to the reactor. The method includes generating a non-thermal equilibrium plasma based on excitement of the hydrocarbon gas and the silane by a microwave energy, where the non-thermal equilibrium plasma includes a plurality of methyl radicals. The method includes ion-bombarding the glass material with at least the methyl radicals to create an interphase region. The method includes forming a plurality of FLG nanoplatelets within the interphase region based on recombination or self-nucleation of the methyl radicals. The FLG nanoplatelets may be dispersed throughout the interphase region in a non-periodic orientation that at least partially inhibits formation of cracks in the glass material. The method includes doping surfaces of the FLG nanoplatelets with the additive, and intercalating the additive between adjacent graphene layers within the FLG nanoplatelets formed in the glass material.

Provided is a silicate article comprising SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, Na.sub.2O, K.sub.2O, MgO and ZrO.sub.2, wherein the content of Al.sub.2O.sub.3 is 15-28 parts by weight, the content of Na.sub.2O is 13-25 parts by weight, the content of K.sub.2O is 6-15 parts by weight, the content of MgO is 7-16 parts by weight, and the content of ZrO.sub.2 is 0.1-5 parts by weight, relative to 100 parts by weight of SiO.sub.2; and M is 5-13, as calculated by the following formula: M=P.sub.1*wt (Na.sub.2O)+P.sub.2*wt (K.sub.2O)+P.sub.3*wt (MgO)+P.sub.4*wt (ZrO.sub.2)P.sub.5*wt (Al.sub.2O.sub.3)*wt (Al.sub.2O.sub.3). In the formula, P.sub.1 has a value of 0.53, P.sub.2 has a value of 0.153, P.sub.3 has a value of 0.36, P.sub.4 has a value of 0.67, and P.sub.5 has a value of 0.018. The invention further provides a method for chemically strengthening the silicate article, wherein the Young's modulus and the surface compressive stress value of the silicate article can be further improved by using an ultrasonic treatment or both an ultrasonic treatment and a microwave treatment during the chemical strengthening process; furthermore, the tendency of the compressive stress value to change with depth and the depth of a layer of compressive stress can be controlled, thereby effectively preventing spontaneous burst, or slow cracking after collision.

Methods for manufacturing and/or reinforcing a carbon-containing glass material are disclosed. The method includes supplying a non-thermal equilibrium plasma including a plurality of positive charged gas particles and a plurality of ionized inert gas particles into a reaction chamber, and accelerating at least the plurality of positive charged gas particles through the reaction chamber based on application of an external electric potential to the non-thermal equilibrium plasma. The method includes bombarding a surface-to-air interface of the glass material with the accelerated positive charged gas particles and the ionized inert gas particles, and forming an interphase region in the glass material in response to the bombardment. The method includes forming a compressive stress layer in the glass material in response to the bombardment by at least the ionized inert gas particles. The compressive stress layer may be disposed between the interphase region and the surface-to-air interface of the carbon-containing glass material.

Provided herein are methods of heating and tempering glass using a microwave generator, such as a gyrotron. Also provided herein are systems comprising an microwave generator, such as a gyrotron, used to heat glass to a tempering temperature.