The present disclosure discloses a low LOI tellurium-lithium-silicon-zirconium frit system and a conductive paste and application thereof, and belongs to the field of conductive paste. In the low LOI tellurium-lithium-silicon-zirconium frit system, components of the frit are 24%-40% TeO.sub.2, 18%-24% Li.sub.2O, 4%-13% SiO.sub.2, 0-2% ZrO.sub.2, and a balance MO.sub.x, and M is one or a mixture of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ti, V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, B, Al, Ga, Tl, Ge, Pb, P, and Bi. There is no need to add additional surfactants, a viscosity change of the conductive paste prepared after standing for 30 days is less than 20%, the conductive paste has good stability, the water related weight loss of inorganic oxide of the conductive paste is less than 1.6%, and the application performance of the conductive paste is not affected after standing for 30 days.

The present invention provides a highly reliable multilayered glass panel and an encapsulating material for achieving the highly reliable multilayered glass panel. The encapsulating material includes lead-free low melting glass particles containing vanadium oxide and tellurium oxide, low thermal expansion filler particles, and glass beads as a solid content. A volume fraction of the glass beads in the solid content is not less than 10% to not more than 35%, and a volume fraction of the lead-free low melting glass particles in the solid content is larger than a volume fraction of the low thermal expansion filler in the solid content.

Provided are a glass composition capable of sealing through low-temperature firing without containing environmentally harmful lead, and a sealing material using the same. The glass composition includes, in terms of mol %, 1%, to 30% of MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO+ZnO, 30% to 80% of TeO.sub.2, and 5% to 30% of MoO.sub.3.

A glass frit according to this application may include a composition of P.sub.2O.sub.5, V.sub.2O.sub.5, TeO.sub.2, CuO, ZnO, and BaO configured to replace a conventional lead glass composition and enable a low temperature calcination. A coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the glass frit may be matched with that of a glass substrate. The composition may not include an inorganic filler or at least reduce a content of an inorganic filler to reduce or prevent separation and breakage and to improve durability. The glass frit may be used as a paste for a vacuum glass assembly.

A material platform with controllable emissivity and fabrication methods are provided that permit the manipulation of thermal radiation detection and IR signal modulation and can be adapted to a variety of uses including infrared camouflage, thermal IR decoys, thermo-reflectance imaging and IR signal modulation. The platform is a multilayer W.sub.xV.sub.1-xO.sub.2 film with different W doping levels (x values) and layer thicknesses, forming a graded W-doped construct. In WVO.sub.2 films with a total thickness <100 nm, the graded doping of W spreads the originally sharp metal-insulator phase transition (MIT) to a broad temperature range, greatly expanding the temperature window for emissivity modulation.

The present disclosure relates to a low temperature-calcined lead-free glass frit and paste, and a vacuum glass assembly using the same. The glass frit according to the present disclosure has a novel component system comprising V.sub.2O.sub.5, TeO.sub.2, CuO, BaO, one or more of Ag.sub.2O and Bi.sub.2O.sub.3, ZnO, and one or more of SnO and MoO.sub.3 at a characteristic composition ratio according to the disclosure, whereby the glass frit can replace a lead-based glass composition of the related art, can be calcined at a low temperature of 350° C. or lower and can ensure excellent chemical durability.

Optically transparent glass ceramic materials comprising a glass phase containing and a crystalline tungsten bronze phase comprising nanoparticles and having the formula M.sub.xWO.sub.3, where M includes at least one H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Cd, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and U, and where 0<x<1. Aluminosilicate and zinc-bismuth-borate glasses comprising at least one of Sm.sub.2O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2O.sub.3, and Er.sub.2O.sub.3 are also provided.

There is provided a gas trapping material and vacuum heat insulation equipment where the gas trapping material can be activated in a sealing step of the vacuum heat insulation equipment, and production efficiency can be enhanced by maintaining a high gas trapping characteristic even when a gas is released in a baking step or in a sealing step under an air atmosphere. The gas trapping material contains porous metal oxide and silver particles having an average particle size of 0.5 nm to 100 nm inclusive.

Optically transparent glass ceramic materials comprising a glass phase containing and a crystalline tungsten bronze phase comprising nanoparticles and having the formula M.sub.xWO.sub.3, where M includes at least one H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cu, Ag, Sn, Cd, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and U, and where 0<x<1. Aluminosilicate and zinc-bismuth-borate glasses comprising at least one of Sm.sub.2O.sub.3, Pr.sub.2O.sub.3, and Er.sub.2O.sub.3 are also provided.

The present disclosure provides a glass ceramic composite electrolyte comprising gadolinium doped ceria and glass composite with desired ionic conductivity in the temperature range of 400 to 600° C., suitable for applications in solid oxide fuel cells. Also disclosed is a process for the preparation of the glass ceramic composite electrolyte.