Herein disclosed is a method of treating a component of a fuel cell, which includes the step of exposing the component of the fuel cell to a source of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The component comprises a first material. The EMR has a wavelength ranging from 10 to 1500 nm and the EMR has a minimum energy density of 0.1 Joule/cm2. Preferably, the treatment process has one or more of the following effects: heating, drying, curing, sintering, annealing, sealing, alloying, evaporating, restructuring, foaming. In an embodiment, the substrate is a component in a fuel cell. Such component comprises an anode, a cathode, an electrolyte, a catalyst, a barrier layer, a interconnect, a reformer, or reformer catalyst. In an embodiment, the substrate is a layer in a fuel cell or a portion of a layer in a fuel cell or a combination of layers in a fuel cell or a combination of partial layers in a fuel cell.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of low temperature co-fireable dielectric materials which can be used in conjunction with high dielectric materials to form composite structures, in particular for isolators and circulators for radiofrequency components. Embodiments of the low temperature co-fireable dielectric materials can be scheelite or garnet structures, for example, bismuth vanadate. Adhesives and/or glue is not necessary for the formation of the isolators and circulators.

A dielectric ceramic composition includes a barium titanate (BaTiO.sub.3)-based base material main ingredient and an accessory ingredient, the accessory ingredient including dysprosium (Dy) and praseodymium (Pr) as first accessory ingredients. A content of the Pr satisfies 0.233 mol≤Pr≤0.699 mol, based on 100 mol of the barium titanate base material main ingredient.

A dielectric ceramic composition includes a barium titanate (BaTiO.sub.3)-based base material main ingredient and an accessory ingredient, the accessory ingredient including dysprosium (Dy) and praseodymium (Pr) as first accessory ingredients. A content of the Pr satisfies 0.233 mol≤Pr≤0.699 mol, based on 100 mol of the barium titanate base material main ingredient.

Herein disclosed is a method of making a fuel cell including forming an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte using an additive manufacturing machine. The electrolyte is between the anode and the cathode. Preferably, electrical current flow is perpendicular to the electrolyte in the lateral direction when the fuel cell is in use. Preferably, the method comprises making an interconnect, a barrier layer, and a catalyst layer using the additive manufacturing machine.

The invention relates to a method for annealing of at least two wafers bonded via low-temperature direct bonding comprising heating the bonded wafers up to a first annealing temperature in the range of 100° C. to 500° C., preferably 150° C. to 400° C., even more preferred 150° C. to 200° C., holding the first annealing temperature in a range of 1 to 4 hours, preferably 1 to 3 hours, cooling down the bonded wafers to room temperature, re-heating the bonded wafers to a second annealing temperature in the range of 100° C. to 500° C., preferably 150° C. to 400° C., even more preferred 150° C. to 200° C., and cooling down the bonded wafers to room temperature.

Disclosed herein are embodiments of low temperature co-fireable barium tungstate materials which can be used in combination with high dielectric materials, such as nickel zinc ferrite, to form composite structures, in particular for isolators and circulators for radiofrequency components. Embodiments of the material can include flux, such as bismuth vanadate, to reduce co-firing temperatures.

A method for forming a ceramic-based material comprises depositing a ceramic-precursor composition comprising nanoparticles having at least one dimension less than 100 nm and an aspect ratio of 1.5 or greater, and a carrier fluid on a surface of a substrate to form an as-deposited layer of the ceramic precursor composition; and sintering the as-deposited layer of the ceramic precursor composition at a sintering temperature to form a ceramic-based material.

Disclosed herein is a dual density disc comprising a dense outer tube comprising a metal oxide having a purity of greater than 92%; and a porous core comprising a metal oxide of a lower density than a density of the dense outer tube; wherein the porous core has a metal oxide purity of greater than 99%; where the dense outer tube has an inner tapered surface.

A multilayer ceramic capacitor that includes a ceramic body including a stack of a plurality of dielectric layers and a plurality of first and second internal electrodes; and first and second external electrodes provided at each of both end faces of the ceramic body. Each of the plurality of dielectric layers contain Ba, Ti, P and Si. The plurality of dielectric layers include an outer dielectric layer located on an outermost side in the stacking direction; an inner dielectric layer located between the first and second internal electrodes; and a side margin portion in a region where the first and second internal electrodes do not exist. In at least one of the outer dielectric layer, the inner dielectric layer and the side margin portion, the P and the Si segregate in at least one of grain-boundary triple points of three ceramic particles.