The present disclosure relates to a ceramic graphene oxide nanofiltration membrane which is high in mechanical stability while having ion removal ability by alternately stacking GO and PEI on a ceramic nanomembrane by allowing a carboxyl group (—COOH) and an amine group (—NH.sub.2) to form a covalent bond in the presence of N-ethyl-N′-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), thereby forming an amide group (—CONH), and a method for manufacturing the same.

An optical element includes an optical surface including a ceramic material. The optical element further includes a coating that includes a bifunctional molecule arranged on the optical surface. The bifunctional molecule includes a first functional group and a second functional group. The first functional group forms a covalent bond to the ceramic material of the optical surface, and the second functional group includes an aromatic functional group. The optical element further includes a carbon-containing material non-covalently bonded to the second functional group of the bifunctional molecule of the coating.

An optical element includes an optical surface including a ceramic material. The optical element further includes a coating that includes a bifunctional molecule arranged on the optical surface. The bifunctional molecule includes a first functional group and a second functional group. The first functional group forms a covalent bond to the ceramic material of the optical surface, and the second functional group includes an aromatic functional group. The optical element further includes a carbon-containing material non-covalently bonded to the second functional group of the bifunctional molecule of the coating.

A method for producing graphene, configured for forming a graphene layer on a surface of an object. The method includes steps of: depositing a poly-p-xylene material layer on the surface: and converting the poly-p-xylene material layer into a graphene layer by using a laser sintering process or a plasma-assisted sintering process.

A method for producing graphene, configured for forming a graphene layer on a surface of an object. The method includes steps of: depositing a poly-p-xylene material layer on the surface: and converting the poly-p-xylene material layer into a graphene layer by using a laser sintering process or a plasma-assisted sintering process.