A concrete durability protection method is provided, including following steps: Step one: rinsing the concrete surface; Step two: spraying agent A material or alternately spraying agent B material and agent A material at the wet surface of the concrete; Step three: repeating step two. The beneficial effects of the present invention include: nanoscale active silicate penetrates into the concrete surface layer within a certain depth and reacts with free calcium ions within the concrete to form C—S—H crystalline, thereby improving the compactness of the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, repairing defects in the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, such as the capillary interstices, pores, microcracks, etc., so as to effectively improve the durability of concrete. The unreacted nanoscale active silicate material has permanent activity. It could recover its activity when the concrete absorbs moisture, and continue to react with free calcium ions in the concrete to quickly form C—S—H crystals, realizing the permanent concrete durability protection.

A concrete durability protection method is provided, including following steps: Step one: rinsing the concrete surface; Step two: spraying agent A material or alternately spraying agent B material and agent A material at the wet surface of the concrete; Step three: repeating step two. The beneficial effects of the present invention include: nanoscale active silicate penetrates into the concrete surface layer within a certain depth and reacts with free calcium ions within the concrete to form C—S—H crystalline, thereby improving the compactness of the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, repairing defects in the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, such as the capillary interstices, pores, microcracks, etc., so as to effectively improve the durability of concrete. The unreacted nanoscale active silicate material has permanent activity. It could recover its activity when the concrete absorbs moisture, and continue to react with free calcium ions in the concrete to quickly form C—S—H crystals, realizing the permanent concrete durability protection.

A concrete durability protection method is provided, including following steps: Step one: rinsing the concrete surface; Step two: spraying agent A material or alternately spraying agent B material and agent A material at the wet surface of the concrete; Step three: repeating step two. The beneficial effects of the present invention include: nanoscale active silicate penetrates into the concrete surface layer within a certain depth and reacts with free calcium ions within the concrete to form C—S—H crystalline, thereby improving the compactness of the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, repairing defects in the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, such as the capillary interstices, pores, microcracks, etc., so as to effectively improve the durability of concrete. The unreacted nanoscale active silicate material has permanent activity. It could recover its activity when the concrete absorbs moisture, and continue to react with free calcium ions in the concrete to quickly form C—S—H crystals, realizing the permanent concrete durability protection.

A concrete durability protection method is provided, including following steps: Step one: rinsing the concrete surface; Step two: spraying agent A material or alternately spraying agent B material and agent A material at the wet surface of the concrete; Step three: repeating step two. The beneficial effects of the present invention include: nanoscale active silicate penetrates into the concrete surface layer within a certain depth and reacts with free calcium ions within the concrete to form C—S—H crystalline, thereby improving the compactness of the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, repairing defects in the concrete surface layer within a certain depth, such as the capillary interstices, pores, microcracks, etc., so as to effectively improve the durability of concrete. The unreacted nanoscale active silicate material has permanent activity. It could recover its activity when the concrete absorbs moisture, and continue to react with free calcium ions in the concrete to quickly form C—S—H crystals, realizing the permanent concrete durability protection.

The present invention is to provide an economical and efficient method of reducing drying shrinkage of a cement-based hardened body without requiring the cost and/or the labor and time. A cement-based hardened body is impregnated with a solution containing urea or a solution containing sulfate together with urea. An impregnation treatment may be by a method of coating or spraying the cement-based hardened body with the solution, or alternatively, immersing the cement-based hardened body in the solution containing both urea and sulfate for a predetermined period of time. The solution containing both urea and sulfate may be a solution prepared simply by dissolving both urea and sulfate in water. Besides, there are no particular limitations on a liquid allowing dissolution of both urea and sulfate, so long as it causes no impairment of a drying shrinkage reduction effect, and therefore, a solution having the drying shrinkage reduction effect in itself is also applicable for use of a solution containing both urea and sulfate in a state of being dissolved in such solution.

The present invention is to provide an economical and efficient method of reducing drying shrinkage of a cement-based hardened body without requiring the cost and/or the labor and time. A cement-based hardened body is impregnated with a solution containing urea or a solution containing sulfate together with urea. An impregnation treatment may be by a method of coating or spraying the cement-based hardened body with the solution, or alternatively, immersing the cement-based hardened body in the solution containing both urea and sulfate for a predetermined period of time. The solution containing both urea and sulfate may be a solution prepared simply by dissolving both urea and sulfate in water. Besides, there are no particular limitations on a liquid allowing dissolution of both urea and sulfate, so long as it causes no impairment of a drying shrinkage reduction effect, and therefore, a solution having the drying shrinkage reduction effect in itself is also applicable for use of a solution containing both urea and sulfate in a state of being dissolved in such solution.

The present invention is to provide an economical and efficient method of reducing drying shrinkage of a cement-based hardened body without requiring the cost and/or the labor and time. A cement-based hardened body is impregnated with a solution containing urea or a solution containing sulfate together with urea. An impregnation treatment may be by a method of coating or spraying the cement-based hardened body with the solution, or alternatively, immersing the cement-based hardened body in the solution containing both urea and sulfate for a predetermined period of time. The solution containing both urea and sulfate may be a solution prepared simply by dissolving both urea and sulfate in water. Besides, there are no particular limitations on a liquid allowing dissolution of both urea and sulfate, so long as it causes no impairment of a drying shrinkage reduction effect, and therefore, a solution having the drying shrinkage reduction effect in itself is also applicable for use of a solution containing both urea and sulfate in a state of being dissolved in such solution.

The present invention is to provide an economical and efficient method of reducing drying shrinkage of a cement-based hardened body without requiring the cost and/or the labor and time. A cement-based hardened body is impregnated with a solution containing urea or a solution containing sulfate together with urea. An impregnation treatment may be by a method of coating or spraying the cement-based hardened body with the solution, or alternatively, immersing the cement-based hardened body in the solution containing both urea and sulfate for a predetermined period of time. The solution containing both urea and sulfate may be a solution prepared simply by dissolving both urea and sulfate in water. Besides, there are no particular limitations on a liquid allowing dissolution of both urea and sulfate, so long as it causes no impairment of a drying shrinkage reduction effect, and therefore, a solution having the drying shrinkage reduction effect in itself is also applicable for use of a solution containing both urea and sulfate in a state of being dissolved in such solution.

A method of making a glass sheet includes treating a refractory block material comprising at least one multivalent component with a vehicle comprising at least one redox altering component or precursor. The method also includes flowing molten glass over the refractory block material, wherein the treatment of the refractory block material with the vehicle comprising at least one redox altering component or precursor reduces the amount of oxygen production resulting from interaction between the at least one multivalent component and the molten glass.

A refractory article used at high temperature contains a silica, calcium silicate or mullite matrix with at least a surface having an open porosity filled at least partially with a sulfate, phosphate, or carbonate salt or a mixture of sulfate, phosphate or carbonate salts. The refractory article is resistant to the corrosion and build-up of non-ferrous metals and their alloys.