A compound of formula (Ie′): ##STR00001##
wherein Ar′, R.sub.1, R.sub.4e and Y are as defined herein and a method of controlling pests using the compound.

A compound of formula (Ie′): ##STR00001##
wherein Ar′, R.sub.1, R.sub.4e and Y are as defined herein and a method of controlling pests using the compound.

The present invention refers to a process for transition-metal-assisted .sup.18F-deoxyfluorination of phenols. The transformation benefits from readily available phenols as starting materials, tolerance of moisture and ambient atmosphere, large substrate scope, and translatability to generate doses appropriate for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.

The present invention refers to a process for transition-metal-assisted .sup.18F-deoxyfluorination of phenols. The transformation benefits from readily available phenols as starting materials, tolerance of moisture and ambient atmosphere, large substrate scope, and translatability to generate doses appropriate for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.

Compounds (citric acid derivatives) represented by formulas (1) and (2) below are novel compounds having an inhibitory effect against liver disorder and can be used as liver disorder inhibitors and food additives (wherein R.sup.1 represents a C1 to C3 alkyl group optionally having a carboxyl group or a hydroxyl group, and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally form a cyclic structure together to represent a C2 to C3 alkylene chain).

##STR00001##

Compounds (citric acid derivatives) represented by formulas (1) and (2) below are novel compounds having an inhibitory effect against liver disorder and can be used as liver disorder inhibitors and food additives (wherein R.sup.1 represents a C1 to C3 alkyl group optionally having a carboxyl group or a hydroxyl group, and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally form a cyclic structure together to represent a C2 to C3 alkylene chain).

##STR00001##

Compounds (citric acid derivatives) represented by formulas (1) and (2) below are novel compounds having an inhibitory effect against liver disorder and can be used as liver disorder inhibitors and food additives (wherein R.sup.1 represents a C1 to C3 alkyl group optionally having a carboxyl group or a hydroxyl group, and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally form a cyclic structure together to represent a C2 to C3 alkylene chain).

##STR00001##

Compounds (citric acid derivatives) represented by formulas (1) and (2) below are novel compounds having an inhibitory effect against liver disorder and can be used as liver disorder inhibitors and food additives (wherein R.sup.1 represents a C1 to C3 alkyl group optionally having a carboxyl group or a hydroxyl group, and R.sup.2 represents a hydrogen atom, or R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 optionally form a cyclic structure together to represent a C2 to C3 alkylene chain).

##STR00001##

A compound of formula (Ie): ##STR00001##
wherein Ar, R.sub.1, R.sub.4e and Y are as defined herein and a method of controlling pests using the compound.

A compound of formula (Ie): ##STR00001##
wherein Ar, R.sub.1, R.sub.4e and Y are as defined herein and a method of controlling pests using the compound.