The present invention pertains to a novel process of manufacturing the compound 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf). The compound 1234yf is the newest refrigerant with zero OPD (Ozone Depleting Potential) and zero GWP (Global Warming Potential). Thus, the invention relates to a process, involving a carbene generation route, for the manufacture of the compound 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf), of the compound 243db (2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane), and optionally of the compound 2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropene (1233xf) via carbene route and compound 243db (2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane). The invention also relates to a process for the manufacture of the compound 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf), wherein the compound 243db (2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane) serves as a starting material, for the manufacture of the compound 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf). Further, the invention relates to a process for the manufacture of the compound 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (1234yf), and of the compound 243db (2,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane), the initial starting materials are selected from the group consisting of compound 123 (2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane), compound 124 (2-chloro-1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), and compound 125 (pentafluoroethane).

The invention is concerned with the production of 1-hexene and octenes from ethene. 1-Butene is optionally also to be produced. The problem addressed by the present invention is that of developing a process for producing 1-hexene from ethene by MTHxE etherification to achieve better chemical utilization of the employed carbon atoms. This problem is solved by catalytic retrocleavage of MTHxE into the C.sub.6 olefins and the alcohol, reuse of the alcohol in the etherification and reaction of the obtained C.sub.6 olefins with ethene to afford C.sub.8 olefins. In this way the alcohol is not lost from the process but rather is internally recirculated as a derivatizing agent. The less attractive C.sub.6 olefins from the cleavage product are upgraded to octene with further ethene in order to provide a further commercial product.

The present invention relates to a hybrid iron nanoparticle catalyst comprising: i) 1 to 50 wt. % nanoparticles comprising iron and at least one of a metal M selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals of groups 3 to 7 and 9 to 11 of the Periodic Table of Elements, lanthanides and combinations of M thereof; and ii) 50 to 99 wt. % of an aluminosilicate or silicoaluminophosphate zeolite, based on the total weight of the catalyst, wherein said nanoparticle has a diameter of about 2 to 50 nm. The present invention also relates to a method of preparing the hybrid iron nanoparticle catalyst and a process for the production of light olefins using the hybrid iron nanoparticle catalyst.

The present invention relates to a material comprising (i) an inner part comprising or consisting of bulk silicon, (ii) an outer part comprising or consisting of a silicon-based compound, said silicon-based compound comprising of silicon and a non-metal element, and (iii) clusters comprising or consisting of a transition metal. The present invention relates to preparation and applications of said material.

A catalyst containing, as an essential component, molybdenum; bismuth; and cobalt, in which, with respect to a peak intensity at 2θ=25.3°±0.2° in an X-ray diffraction pattern obtained by using CuKα rays as an X-ray source, a changing rate (Q1) per 1000 hours of reaction time represented by the following formulae (1) to (4) is 16 or less.

Q1={(U1/F1−1)×100}/T×1000  (1)

F1=(peak intensity of catalyst before oxidation reaction at 2θ=25.3°±)0.2°/(peak intensity of catalyst before oxidation reaction at 2θ=26.5°±0.2°)×100  (2)

U1=(peak intensity of catalyst after oxidation reaction at 2θ=25.3°±0.2°)/(peak intensity of catalyst after oxidation reaction at 2θ=26.5°±0.2°)×100  (3)

T=time (hr) during which oxidation reaction is carried out  (4)

Cu.sub.y/MMgO.sub.x interfacial catalyst for selective alkyne hydrogenation and its preparation method are disclosed. The preparation method of the catalyst includes: the mixture of salt and alkali solution is nucleated momentarily by nucleation/crystallization isolation method, preparing the composite metal hydroxide Cu.sub.yMMg.sub.4-LDHs as precursor, which has typical hexagonal morphology of the double hydroxide; the precursor is topologically transformed by heat treatment to produce unsaturated oxide; the catalyst with Cu.sub.y-MMgO.sub.x interface structure is prepared by separating and electronically modifying Cu particles. By adjusting the ratio of Cu.sup.2+/M.sup.3+ in LDHs, the electronic and geometric structure of Cu.sub.y-MMgO.sub.x interface can be flexibly controlled, thus enhancing the reaction activity, product selectivity and stability. The catalyst can be used in the selective hydrogenation of various alkynes in the fields of petrochemical and fine chemical industry, with the outstanding catalytic activity and C═C double bond selectivity. The catalyst also has good reusability.

There is provided a catalyst that enables the production of isobutylene with a high selectivity in the production of isobutylene by dehydration of isobutanol. The catalyst according to the present invention contains at least one metal selected from Group 6 to Group 14 metal elements in Period 4 to Period 6 of the periodic table, in alumina which includes alumina consisting of one or more crystal phases of a monoclinic crystal phase, a tetragonal crystal phase, and a cubic crystal phase.

A dehydrogenation catalyst for producing propylene by a dehydrogenation reaction of propane, the dehydrogenation catalyst including a platinum element and an element M1 and may contain an element M2 as active components, wherein the element M1 is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of a gallium element, a cobalt element, a copper element, a germanium element, a tin element and an iron element, the element M2 is one or more elements selected from the group consisting of a lead element and a calcium element, and the platinum element and the element M1 form an alloy.

The invention relates to a method for the heterogeneous catalysis of a reaction for the hydrogenation of a carbon oxide in the gaseous state, such as a methanation reaction, using, in a reactor (1), carbon dioxide and gaseous dihydrogen and at least one solid catalytic compound capable of catalyzing said reaction in a given temperature range T, comprising contacting said gaseous reactant and said catalytic compound in the presence of a heating agent, and heating the heating agent to a temperature within said temperature range T. The method is characterized in that the heating agent comprises a ferromagnetic material in the form of micrometric powder and/or wires, said ferromagnetic material being heated by magnetic induction by means of a field inductor, such as a coil (2) external to the reactor (1). According to one embodiment, the catalyst support for implementing said method comprises a ferromagnetic material in the form of wires of micrometric diameters, on the surface of which metal catalyst particles are deposited.

In a first stage of a methane conversion system, at least some methane (CH.sub.4) in an input gas flow stream can be converted into C.sub.2 hydrocarbons, hydrogen gas (H.sub.2), and aromatics to provide a first processed stream. The conversion can be direct non-oxidative methane conversion (DNMC). At least some of the aromatics can be removed from the first processed stream to provide a second processed stream. In a second stage of the methane conversion system, at least some of the H.sub.2 can be removed from the second processed stream to provide a recycle stream. The recycle stream can be returned to the first stage of the methane conversion system for further conversion of methane and removal of aromatics and H.sub.2 products.