Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst including a reaction product of a chromium compound and a ligand having the structure according to Formula (II). In Formula (II), A and C may be independently chosen from phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and nitrogen; B may be a linking group between A and C; and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may be independently chosen from a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) heterohydrocarbyl. The catalyst system may include a co-catalyst including a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more quaternary salts; one or more organic acids, organic acid salts, esters, anhydrides, or combinations of these; one or more chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloro-aluminum alkyls, or combinations of these; one or more polyether alcohols; or one or more non-polymeric ethers.

A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes and branched alcohols through isomerization, hydroformylation and hydrogenation.

Catalyst systems suitable for tetramerizing ethylene to form 1-octene may include a catalyst including a reaction product of a chromium compound and a ligand having the structure according to Formula (II). In Formula (II), A and C may be independently chosen from phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, and nitrogen; B may be a linking group between A and C; and R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 may be independently chosen from a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) hydrocarbyl or a (C.sub.1-C.sub.50) heterohydrocarbyl. The catalyst system may include a co-catalyst including a reaction product of an organoaluminum compound and an antifouling compound. The antifouling compound may include one or more quaternary salts; one or more organic acids, organic acid salts, esters, anhydrides, or combinations of these; one or more chlorinated hydrocarbons, chloro-aluminum alkyls, or combinations of these; one or more polyether alcohols; or one or more non-polymeric ethers.

Methods for the hydroalkenylation of conjugated, 1,3-dienes using a diimine catalyst. The method comprises mixing a diene having at least five carbon atoms and an iron diimine complex at a temperature of about −60° C. to about 23° C. to provide a catalyst solution; and introducing one or more alpha olefins at a pressure of at least 300 psig to obtain a product comprising the substituted diene monomer.

A trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound having a formula: ##STR00001##
where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are the same or different and each is independently selected from C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 hydrocarbyl; and X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or combinations thereof is described. An ionic liquid catalyst composition incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, methods of making the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, and alkylation processes incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound are also described.

The present invention provides a fouling prevention method and a method for olefin oligomerization, wherein in the method for olefin oligomerization, a predetermined anti-fouling agent is added, thereby minimizing the production of sticking byproducts generated during the reaction and fundamentally preventing the fouling of the byproducts, generated during the reaction, on an inner wall of a reactor.

The present invention provides a fouling prevention method and a method for olefin oligomerization, wherein in the method for olefin oligomerization, a predetermined anti-fouling agent is added, thereby minimizing the production of sticking byproducts generated during the reaction and fundamentally preventing the fouling of the byproducts, generated during the reaction, on an inner wall of a reactor.

A trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound having a formula:

##STR00001##

where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are the same or different and each is independently selected from C.sub.1 to C.sub.8 hydrocarbyl; and X is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, or combinations thereof is described. An ionic liquid catalyst composition incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, methods of making the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound, and alkylation processes incorporating the trialkylphosphonium haloaluminate compound are also described.

A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes and branched alcohols through isomerization, hydroformylation and hydrogenation.

A process for producing isomerized olefins, branched aldehydes and branched alcohols through isomerization, hydroformylation and hydrogenation.