Methods of isolating phenols from phenol-containing media. The methods include combining a phospholipid-containing composition with the phenol-containing medium to generate a combined medium, incubating the combined medium to precipitate phenols in the combined medium and thereby form a phenol precipitate phase and a phenol-depleted phase, and separating the phenol precipitate phase and the phenol-depleted phase. The methods can further include extracting phenols from the separated phenol precipitate phase. The extracting can include mixing the separated phenol precipitate phase with an extraction solvent to solubilize in the extraction solvent at least a portion of the phenols originally present in the phenol precipitate phase.

Methods of isolating phenols from phenol-containing media. The methods include combining a phospholipid-containing composition with the phenol-containing medium to generate a combined medium, incubating the combined medium to precipitate phenols in the combined medium and thereby form a phenol precipitate phase and a phenol-depleted phase, and separating the phenol precipitate phase and the phenol-depleted phase. The methods can further include extracting phenols from the separated phenol precipitate phase. The extracting can include mixing the separated phenol precipitate phase with an extraction solvent to solubilize in the extraction solvent at least a portion of the phenols originally present in the phenol precipitate phase.

Processes for converting a hydrocarbon reactant into an alcohol compound and/or a carbonyl compound are disclosed in which the hydrocarbon reactant and either a supported chromium (VI) catalyst or a supported chromium (II) catalyst are contacted, optionally with UV-visible light irradiation, followed by exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere and then hydrolysis to form a reaction product containing the alcohol compound and/or the carbonyl compound. The presence of oxygen significant increases the amount of alcohol/carbonyl product formed, as well as the formation of oxygenated dimers and trimers of certain hydrocarbon reactants.

Processes for converting a hydrocarbon reactant into an alcohol compound and/or a carbonyl compound are disclosed in which the hydrocarbon reactant and either a supported chromium (VI) catalyst or a supported chromium (II) catalyst are contacted, optionally with UV-visible light irradiation, followed by exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere and then hydrolysis to form a reaction product containing the alcohol compound and/or the carbonyl compound. The presence of oxygen significant increases the amount of alcohol/carbonyl product formed, as well as the formation of oxygenated dimers and trimers of certain hydrocarbon reactants.

Methods for gas-phase deoxygenation of a bio-oil are provided. In embodiments, such a method comprises exposing a bio-oil vapor comprising hydrocarbon compounds having oxygenated aromatic groups, to hydrogen gas in the presence of catalyst under conditions to induce deoxygenation of the oxygenated aromatic groups to provide a deoxygenated aromatic species, wherein the catalyst is a transition metal-incorporated mesoporous silicate having platinum deposited thereon and the transition metal is selected from Nb, W, Zr, and combinations thereof. The transition metal-incorporated mesoporous silicate catalysts are also provided.

Methods for gas-phase deoxygenation of a bio-oil are provided. In embodiments, such a method comprises exposing a bio-oil vapor comprising hydrocarbon compounds having oxygenated aromatic groups, to hydrogen gas in the presence of catalyst under conditions to induce deoxygenation of the oxygenated aromatic groups to provide a deoxygenated aromatic species, wherein the catalyst is a transition metal-incorporated mesoporous silicate having platinum deposited thereon and the transition metal is selected from Nb, W, Zr, and combinations thereof. The transition metal-incorporated mesoporous silicate catalysts are also provided.

This invention is directed to compounds, compositions, and methods to treat metabolic diseases. For example, the invention is drawn to compounds identified in extracts from Artemisia scoparia for the treatment of metabolic disease.

This invention is directed to compounds, compositions, and methods to treat metabolic diseases. For example, the invention is drawn to compounds identified in extracts from Artemisia scoparia for the treatment of metabolic disease.

A fluid catalytic cracking process for p-cresol dimer to produce valuable phenolic monomers, i.e., 2-methyl phenol, 4-methyl phenol, 2,3-xylenol, and phenol, uses an equilibrium catalyst (E-cat) generated in the petroleum fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. The p-cresol dimer can be processed under relatively mild conditions, while maximizing desired and minimizing undesired products. The process may include charging an equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst; heating to a predetermined cracking temperature and pressure; (c) charging a p-cresol dimer feed; (d) contacting the p-cresol dimer with the equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst; (e) condensing resulting phenolic monomer vapors to obtain phenolic monomer liquid and fluidization gas; (f) separating the phenolic monomer liquid from the fluidization gas; (g) collecting the separated phenolic monomer liquid; (h) separating the collected phenolic monomer liquid individual phenolic monomers; and (i) recycling any unconverted p-cresol dimer into the fluidized bed reactor.

A fluid catalytic cracking process for p-cresol dimer to produce valuable phenolic monomers, i.e., 2-methyl phenol, 4-methyl phenol, 2,3-xylenol, and phenol, uses an equilibrium catalyst (E-cat) generated in the petroleum fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit. The p-cresol dimer can be processed under relatively mild conditions, while maximizing desired and minimizing undesired products. The process may include charging an equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst; heating to a predetermined cracking temperature and pressure; (c) charging a p-cresol dimer feed; (d) contacting the p-cresol dimer with the equilibrium fluid catalytic cracking catalyst; (e) condensing resulting phenolic monomer vapors to obtain phenolic monomer liquid and fluidization gas; (f) separating the phenolic monomer liquid from the fluidization gas; (g) collecting the separated phenolic monomer liquid; (h) separating the collected phenolic monomer liquid individual phenolic monomers; and (i) recycling any unconverted p-cresol dimer into the fluidized bed reactor.