The present invention discloses the application of cyathane diterpenoids in preparation of drugs for treating neuroinflammation. Seven cyathane diterpenoids 1-7 can significantly prevent LPS-induced BV-2 microglia from producing NO. The most active compound as 6 can reverse M1/M2 polarization of the microglia. 6 inhibits the pro-inflammatory proteins including iNOS and COX-2 through MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways and promote the anti-inflammatory factors including IL-10 and ARG-1. An application prospect of the anti-inflammatory cyathane diterpenoids in the treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases is achieved.

The present invention discloses the application of cyathane diterpenoids in preparation of drugs for treating neuroinflammation. Seven cyathane diterpenoids 1-7 can significantly prevent LPS-induced BV-2 microglia from producing NO. The most active compound as 6 can reverse M1/M2 polarization of the microglia. 6 inhibits the pro-inflammatory proteins including iNOS and COX-2 through MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways and promote the anti-inflammatory factors including IL-10 and ARG-1. An application prospect of the anti-inflammatory cyathane diterpenoids in the treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases is achieved.

The present invention provides a method for producing a bifunctional compound having a norbornane skeleton, the method comprising a step of hydroformylating a compound having an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein the molar ratio of the carbon monoxide to the hydrogen during the reaction is 55/45 or more and 95/5 or less in the hydroformylating step.

The present invention provides a method for producing a bifunctional compound having a norbornane skeleton, the method comprising a step of hydroformylating a compound having an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein the molar ratio of the carbon monoxide to the hydrogen during the reaction is 55/45 or more and 95/5 or less in the hydroformylating step.

The present invention provides a method for producing a bifunctional compound having a norbornane skeleton, the method comprising a step of hydroformylating a compound having an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein the molar ratio of the carbon monoxide to the hydrogen during the reaction is 55/45 or more and 95/5 or less in the hydroformylating step.

The present invention provides a method for producing a bifunctional compound having a norbornane skeleton, the method comprising a step of hydroformylating a compound having an olefin with carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein the molar ratio of the carbon monoxide to the hydrogen during the reaction is 55/45 or more and 95/5 or less in the hydroformylating step.

The disclosure relates to an entecavir intermediate, a synthetic method therefor, and the synthetic method for entecavir by using the intermediate. According to the disclosure, the synthetic methods for entecavir and the intermediate thereof have the advantages of being controllable in chirality, high in yield and product purity, wide in source of raw materials, cheap and available in reagents, simple in reactions, convenient to operate, environmentally friendly, and suitable for industrial amplification production.

The disclosure relates to an entecavir intermediate, a synthetic method therefor, and the synthetic method for entecavir by using the intermediate. According to the disclosure, the synthetic methods for entecavir and the intermediate thereof have the advantages of being controllable in chirality, high in yield and product purity, wide in source of raw materials, cheap and available in reagents, simple in reactions, convenient to operate, environmentally friendly, and suitable for industrial amplification production.

The disclosure relates to a method for enhancing the biosynthesis and/or secretion of sapogenins in the culture medium of plant and microbial cell cultures. Further, the disclosure also relates to the identification of novel genes involved in the biosynthesis of sapogenin intermediates, as well as to novel sapogenin compounds.

The disclosure relates to a method for enhancing the biosynthesis and/or secretion of sapogenins in the culture medium of plant and microbial cell cultures. Further, the disclosure also relates to the identification of novel genes involved in the biosynthesis of sapogenin intermediates, as well as to novel sapogenin compounds.