An apparatus for forming a C1 to C5 oxygenate from carbon dioxide and a C1 to C4 hydrocarbon is described. The apparatus comprises: a dielectric barrier discharge, DBD, device arranged to generate a plasma; and a passageway having an inlet for the carbon dioxide and the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon and an outlet for the oxygenates. In one example the passageway includes therein a catalyst. The passageway extends, at least in part, through the DBD device wherein, in use, the carbon dioxide in reacted with the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon in the generated plasma, thereby forming the oxygenates from at least some of the carbon dioxide and the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon. The DBD device comprises a conducting liquid as a ground electrode. A method and a use are also described.

An apparatus for forming a C1 to C5 oxygenate from carbon dioxide and a C1 to C4 hydrocarbon is described. The apparatus comprises: a dielectric barrier discharge, DBD, device arranged to generate a plasma; and a passageway having an inlet for the carbon dioxide and the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon and an outlet for the oxygenates. In one example the passageway includes therein a catalyst. The passageway extends, at least in part, through the DBD device wherein, in use, the carbon dioxide in reacted with the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon in the generated plasma, thereby forming the oxygenates from at least some of the carbon dioxide and the C1 to C4 hydrocarbon. The DBD device comprises a conducting liquid as a ground electrode. A method and a use are also described.

A method for forming a desired hydrocarbon fuel product from a mixed oxygenate feedstock by utilizing chemical processes to form ketones from the oxygenate feed, upgrade the ketones, recycle selected upgraded ketones through the upgrading process to obtain a desired intermediate and hydrogenating the desired intermediate to obtain the desired hydrocarbon fuel product. In various alternative configurations and embodiments this can be accomplished in a number of ways, and originate in a number of different positions and occasions.

A method for forming a desired hydrocarbon fuel product from a mixed oxygenate feedstock by utilizing chemical processes to form ketones from the oxygenate feed, upgrade the ketones, recycle selected upgraded ketones through the upgrading process to obtain a desired intermediate and hydrogenating the desired intermediate to obtain the desired hydrocarbon fuel product. In various alternative configurations and embodiments this can be accomplished in a number of ways, and originate in a number of different positions and occasions.

The invention relates to a method of producing carbonyl compounds, more particularly C.sub.2-C.sub.4 ketones and aldehydes. The method is based on the gas-phase oxidation by nitrous oxide of C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkane-olefin mixtures, such as a butane-butylene fraction or a propane-propylene fraction, obtained by thermal and/or catalytic cracking, to produce C.sub.2-C.sub.4 ketones and aldehydes. The process is carried out under continuous flow conditions at a temperature of 300-550° C. and pressure of 1-100 atm, without prior isolation of individual olefins from the fractionation products and in the absence of a catalyst. The process provides for high productivity, high overall selectivity for ketones and aldehydes, and explosion-safe operation.

The invention relates to a method of producing carbonyl compounds, more particularly C.sub.2-C.sub.4 ketones and aldehydes. The method is based on the gas-phase oxidation by nitrous oxide of C.sub.2-C.sub.4 alkane-olefin mixtures, such as a butane-butylene fraction or a propane-propylene fraction, obtained by thermal and/or catalytic cracking, to produce C.sub.2-C.sub.4 ketones and aldehydes. The process is carried out under continuous flow conditions at a temperature of 300-550° C. and pressure of 1-100 atm, without prior isolation of individual olefins from the fractionation products and in the absence of a catalyst. The process provides for high productivity, high overall selectivity for ketones and aldehydes, and explosion-safe operation.

The invention is an integrated thermochemical process, also known as a looped-oxide catalysis, for providing an upgraded biofuel composition from a biomass-derived feedstock. First, the feedstock is deoxygenated through reaction with a low-valence metal oxide or zero-valent metal to yield a deoxygenated biofuel composition and a high-valence metal oxide. Second, the low-valence metal oxide is regenerated by reducing the high-valence metal oxide using solar thermal energy.

The invention is an integrated thermochemical process, also known as a looped-oxide catalysis, for providing an upgraded biofuel composition from a biomass-derived feedstock. First, the feedstock is deoxygenated through reaction with a low-valence metal oxide or zero-valent metal to yield a deoxygenated biofuel composition and a high-valence metal oxide. Second, the low-valence metal oxide is regenerated by reducing the high-valence metal oxide using solar thermal energy.

Disclosed herein are a method and systems for cumene hydroperoxide cleavage with an improved configuration for online instrumentation. The systems comprise a first fluid loop comprising one or more reactors and a fluid pump and a second fluid loop in fluid communication with the first fluid loop. This second fluid loop comprises an instrument configured to measure a characteristic of a fluid flowing through the second loop, wherein an input of the second fluid loop is disposed downstream of said fluid pump and an output of the second fluid loop is disposed upstream of said fluid pump. The method comprises causing fluid to flow within a first stage comprising one or more reactors and a fluid pump, wherein the first stage is configured to decompose a cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalyst mixture to form a dicumyl peroxide mixture. The method also comprises causing at least a portion of the fluid to flow through a instrumentation line in open fluid communication with the first stage. This instrumentation line comprises an instrument configured to measure a characteristic of the fluid flowing through the instrumentation line and an input of the instrument line is disposed downstream of said fluid pump.

Disclosed herein are a method and systems for cumene hydroperoxide cleavage with an improved configuration for online instrumentation. The systems comprise a first fluid loop comprising one or more reactors and a fluid pump and a second fluid loop in fluid communication with the first fluid loop. This second fluid loop comprises an instrument configured to measure a characteristic of a fluid flowing through the second loop, wherein an input of the second fluid loop is disposed downstream of said fluid pump and an output of the second fluid loop is disposed upstream of said fluid pump. The method comprises causing fluid to flow within a first stage comprising one or more reactors and a fluid pump, wherein the first stage is configured to decompose a cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of a catalyst mixture to form a dicumyl peroxide mixture. The method also comprises causing at least a portion of the fluid to flow through a instrumentation line in open fluid communication with the first stage. This instrumentation line comprises an instrument configured to measure a characteristic of the fluid flowing through the instrumentation line and an input of the instrument line is disposed downstream of said fluid pump.