The invention is directed to ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts of the Grubbs-Hoveyda type. The new 2-aryloxy-substituted ruthenium catalysts described herein reveal rapid initiation behavior. Further, the corresponding styrene-based precursor compounds are disclosed. The catalysts are prepared in a cross-metathesis reaction starting from styrene-based precursors which can be prepared in a cost-effective manner. The new Grubbs-Hoveyda type catalysts are suitable to catalyze ring-closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis (CM) and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Low catalyst loadings are necessary to convert a wide range of substrates including more complex and critical substrates via metathesis reactions at low to moderate temperatures in high yields within short reaction times.

The invention is directed to ruthenium-based metathesis catalysts of the Grubbs-Hoveyda type. The new 2-aryloxy-substituted ruthenium catalysts described herein reveal rapid initiation behavior. Further, the corresponding styrene-based precursor compounds are disclosed. The catalysts are prepared in a cross-metathesis reaction starting from styrene-based precursors which can be prepared in a cost-effective manner. The new Grubbs-Hoveyda type catalysts are suitable to catalyze ring-closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis (CM) and ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Low catalyst loadings are necessary to convert a wide range of substrates including more complex and critical substrates via metathesis reactions at low to moderate temperatures in high yields within short reaction times.

What is proposed is a continuous process for producing limonene which has the feature that beta-pinene or beta-pinene-containing starting materials are isomerized in a trickle-bed reactor in the presence of acid catalysts.

What is proposed is a continuous process for producing limonene which has the feature that beta-pinene or beta-pinene-containing starting materials are isomerized in a trickle-bed reactor in the presence of acid catalysts.

What is proposed is a continuous process for producing limonene which has the feature that beta-pinene or beta-pinene-containing starting materials are isomerized in a trickle-bed reactor in the presence of acid catalysts.

The invention relates to a method for producing limonene comprising or consisting of the following steps: (a) providing beta-pinene or a beta-pinene containing starting material; (b) admixing the starting material with a catalytically effective amount of a MWW-type zeolite; (C) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature in the range of between 60 and 100° C.; and optionally (d) separating the limonene or a limonene-enriched fraction from the sump.

The invention relates to a method for producing limonene comprising or consisting of the following steps: (a) providing beta-pinene or a beta-pinene containing starting material; (b) admixing the starting material with a catalytically effective amount of a MWW-type zeolite; (C) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature in the range of between 60 and 100° C.; and optionally (d) separating the limonene or a limonene-enriched fraction from the sump.

The invention relates to a method for producing limonene comprising or consisting of the following steps: (a) providing beta-pinene or a beta-pinene containing starting material; (b) admixing the starting material with a catalytically effective amount of a MWW-type zeolite; (C) heating the reaction mixture to a temperature in the range of between 60 and 100° C.; and optionally (d) separating the limonene or a limonene-enriched fraction from the sump.

A method for converting cedarwood oil into high density fuels including, hydrogenating cedarwood oil in the presence of at least one hydrogenation catalyst to generate hydrogenated cedarwood oil, removing the hydrogenation catalyst from the hydrogenated cedarwood oil, purifying the hydrogenated cedarwood oil to produce a first high density fuel, isomerizing the first high density fuel in the presence of at least one acid catalyst catalyst to generate a hydrocarbon mixture including adamantanes, and distilling the adamantane mixture to produce a second alkyl-adamantane high density fuel.

A method for converting cedarwood oil into high density fuels including, hydrogenating cedarwood oil in the presence of at least one hydrogenation catalyst to generate hydrogenated cedarwood oil, removing the hydrogenation catalyst from the hydrogenated cedarwood oil, purifying the hydrogenated cedarwood oil to produce a first high density fuel, isomerizing the first high density fuel in the presence of at least one acid catalyst catalyst to generate a hydrocarbon mixture including adamantanes, and distilling the adamantane mixture to produce a second alkyl-adamantane high density fuel.