The present disclosure provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (III),

##STR00001##

compounds of formula (V),

##STR00002##

and corresponding salts of formula (IV).

##STR00003##

The compounds made by the methods and processes of the invention are particularly useful for administration in humans and animals.

The present disclosure provides a process for the preparation of compounds of formula (III),

##STR00001##

compounds of formula (V),

##STR00002##

and corresponding salts of formula (IV).

##STR00003##

The compounds made by the methods and processes of the invention are particularly useful for administration in humans and animals.

Alkoxylated hydroxycarboxylic acids according to a formula I′ are provided herein, as well as uses thereof and a process for production thereof. ##STR00001##
Compound 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]propanoic acid being exclude.

Alkoxylated hydroxycarboxylic acids according to a formula I′ are provided herein, as well as uses thereof and a process for production thereof. ##STR00001##
Compound 2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]propanoic acid being exclude.

Provided is a fluoropolymer of a monomer (I) represented by the following general formula (I), wherein a content of a polymerization unit (I) derived from the monomer (I) is 40 mol % or more based on the entirety of polymerization units constituting the fluoropolymer, and the fluoropolymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.4×10.sup.4 or more:

CX.sub.2═CX—O—Rf-A  General formula (I)

wherein X is independently F or CF.sub.3; Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond or a keto group; and A is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, —OSO.sub.3M, or —C(CF.sub.3).sub.2OM, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR.sup.7.sub.4, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, and R.sup.7 is H or an organic group.

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

Provided herein are reactor systems and processes for producing organic acids directly from beta-lactones. Such reactor systems and processes involve the use of a heterogeneous catalyst, such as a zeolite at vapor phase conditions. The reactor systems and processes may use a fixed bed, moving bed or fluidized contacting zone as reactor configurations.

Alkoxylated hydroxycarboxylic acids are provided herein, as well as uses thereof and a process for production thereof.

Alkoxylated hydroxycarboxylic acids are provided herein, as well as uses thereof and a process for production thereof.

A process to prepare a compound of Formula (I) ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each selected independently from hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxyl, and wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkoxyl may be optionally substituted with one or more halogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and alkoxyl.