Provided is a method of producing various 2-((meth)allyloxymethyl)acrylic acid derivatives in high yields with no need to load a raw material in a large excess for improving a reaction conversion ratio, and without use of a catalyst having high toxicity or a strong acid catalyst. Also provided are powder compounds that may be utilized as raw materials for synthesizing various chemical products. A method of producing a 2-((meth)allyloxymethyl)acrylic acid derivative includes causing the powder of a salt of a 2-((meth)allyloxymethyl)acrylic acid anion and an alkali metal cation (component A), and a halide (component B) to react with each other to produce a 2-((meth)allyloxymethyl)acrylic acid derivative. The 2-((meth)allyloxymethyl)acrylic acid alkali metal salt powder is the powder of a salt of a 2-((meth)allyloxymethyl)acrylic acid anion and an alkali metal cation, and has a bulk density of 0.50 g/mL or more, or a water content of 0.05 wt % or less.

An aerosol-generating system is provided, including a nicotine source; and a delivery enhancing compound source, which includes a reaction product of one or both of: (i) an alpha-keto carboxylic acid and a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001## where R.sup.1 is selected from alkyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, and (ii) an alpha-hydroxy acid and a compound of formula (II)

##STR00002## where X is a halogen and R.sup.2 is selected from H, alkyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl.

An aerosol-generating system is provided, including a nicotine source; and a delivery enhancing compound source, which includes a reaction product of one or both of: (i) an alpha-keto carboxylic acid and a compound of formula (I)

##STR00001## where R.sup.1 is selected from alkyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl, and (ii) an alpha-hydroxy acid and a compound of formula (II)

##STR00002## where X is a halogen and R.sup.2 is selected from H, alkyl, phenyl, or substituted phenyl.

The present disclosure relates to a method of preventing and/or treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (II): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sub.1, R2, R3, X and Y are as defined in the specification;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or solvate of such a salt. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method of preventing and/or treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I): ##STR00002##
wherein R2, R.sub.3, and X, are as defined in the specification;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or solvate of such a salt. Further, the present invention relates to a compound of Formula (I) for preventing and/or treating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, wherein R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and X are as defined in the specification; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or solvate of such a salt.

A perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkali metal salt represented by the general formula is provided:
CF.sub.2═CF[OCF.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.bO(CF.sub.2).sub.aO[CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O].sub.cCF(CF.sub.3)COOM  [I],
wherein M is alkali metal, preferably sodium or potassium, a is an integer of 1 to 6, preferably 2, and b+c is an integer of 0 to 6, preferably 0 or 1. This perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkali metal salt is produced by subjecting a perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkyl ester represented by the general formula:
CF.sub.2═CF[OCF.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.bO(CF.sub.2).sub.aO[CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O].sub.cCF(CF.sub.3)COOR  [II],
wherein R is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a is an integer of 1 to 6, and b+c is an integer of 0 to 6; to hydrolysis or solvolysis in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide.

A perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkali metal salt represented by the general formula is provided:
CF.sub.2═CF[OCF.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.bO(CF.sub.2).sub.aO[CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O].sub.cCF(CF.sub.3)COOM  [I],
wherein M is alkali metal, preferably sodium or potassium, a is an integer of 1 to 6, preferably 2, and b+c is an integer of 0 to 6, preferably 0 or 1. This perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkali metal salt is produced by subjecting a perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkyl ester represented by the general formula:
CF.sub.2═CF[OCF.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.bO(CF.sub.2).sub.aO[CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O].sub.cCF(CF.sub.3)COOR  [II],
wherein R is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a is an integer of 1 to 6, and b+c is an integer of 0 to 6; to hydrolysis or solvolysis in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide.

A perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkali metal salt represented by the general formula is provided:
CF.sub.2═CF[OCF.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.bO(CF.sub.2).sub.aO[CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O].sub.cCF(CF.sub.3)COOM  [I],
wherein M is alkali metal, preferably sodium or potassium, a is an integer of 1 to 6, preferably 2, and b+c is an integer of 0 to 6, preferably 0 or 1. This perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkali metal salt is produced by subjecting a perfluorovinyloxy polyether carboxylic acid alkyl ester represented by the general formula:
CF.sub.2═CF[OCF.sub.2CF(CF.sub.3)].sub.bO(CF.sub.2).sub.aO[CF(CF.sub.3)CF.sub.2O].sub.cCF(CF.sub.3)COOR  [II],
wherein R is an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a is an integer of 1 to 6, and b+c is an integer of 0 to 6; to hydrolysis or solvolysis in the presence of an alkali metal hydroxide.

This present invention relates to an improved process to prepare prostacyclin derivatives. One embodiment provides for an improved process to convert benzindene triol to treprostinil via salts of treprostinil and to purify treprostinil.

This present invention relates to an improved process to prepare prostacyclin derivatives. One embodiment provides for an improved process to convert benzindene triol to treprostinil via salts of treprostinil and to purify treprostinil.

Provided is a fluoropolymer of a monomer (I) represented by the following general formula (I), wherein a content of a polymerization unit (I) derived from the monomer (I) is 40 mol % or more based on the entirety of polymerization units constituting the fluoropolymer, and the fluoropolymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of 1.4×10.sup.4 or more:

CX.sub.2═CX—O—Rf-A  General formula (I)

wherein X is independently F or CF.sub.3; Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond or a keto group; and A is —COOM, —SO.sub.3M, —OSO.sub.3M, or —C(CF.sub.3).sub.2OM, wherein M is —H, a metal atom, —NR.sup.7.sub.4, imidazolium optionally having a substituent, pyridinium optionally having a substituent, or phosphonium optionally having a substituent, and R.sup.7 is H or an organic group.