Isoindoline sigma-2 receptor antagonist compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for inhibiting Abeta-associated synapse loss or synaptic dysfunction in neuronal cells, modulating an Abeta-associated membrane trafficking change in neuronal cells, and treating cognitive decline associated with Abeta pathology are provided.

Isoindoline sigma-2 receptor antagonist compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for inhibiting Abeta-associated synapse loss or synaptic dysfunction in neuronal cells, modulating an Abeta-associated membrane trafficking change in neuronal cells, and treating cognitive decline associated with Abeta pathology are provided.

Provided herein are processes for preparing fluorescent 1-cyano-2-substituted isoindole compounds or N-substituted phthalazinium compounds, comprising reacting an aromatic dialdehyde or aromatic aldehyde-ketone compound with a material that contains primary amino or hydrazine groups, and assaying methods involving the processes thereof.

Provided herein are processes for preparing fluorescent 1-cyano-2-substituted isoindole compounds or N-substituted phthalazinium compounds, comprising reacting an aromatic dialdehyde or aromatic aldehyde-ketone compound with a material that contains primary amino or hydrazine groups, and assaying methods involving the processes thereof.

A resist underlayer composition including a polymer including a main chain, a side chain, or a main chain and a side chain including a heterocycle including two or more nitrogen atoms in the ring of the heterocycle, a compound including a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a solvent is provided. A method of forming patterns using the resist underlayer composition is also provided

##STR00001##

A resist underlayer composition including a polymer including a main chain, a side chain, or a main chain and a side chain including a heterocycle including two or more nitrogen atoms in the ring of the heterocycle, a compound including a moiety represented by Chemical Formula 1, and a solvent is provided. A method of forming patterns using the resist underlayer composition is also provided

##STR00001##

The disclosure relates to benzo[ghi]perylene imide photoredox catalysts (PC) and methods for the Birch reductions of aromatic substrates, such as benzene, benzeneoid, and heteroaromatic compounds, using light as the driving force. Certain aspects of the disclosure encompass methods for reduction of aromatic substrates. The method comprises contacting an aromatic substrate with a sacrificial electron donor in the presence of a photoredox catalyst in a solvent, thereby forming a reaction mixture; exposing the reaction mixture to visible or UV light under reaction condition sufficient to reduce the aromatic substrate compound.

The disclosure relates to benzo[ghi]perylene imide photoredox catalysts (PC) and methods for the Birch reductions of aromatic substrates, such as benzene, benzeneoid, and heteroaromatic compounds, using light as the driving force. Certain aspects of the disclosure encompass methods for reduction of aromatic substrates. The method comprises contacting an aromatic substrate with a sacrificial electron donor in the presence of a photoredox catalyst in a solvent, thereby forming a reaction mixture; exposing the reaction mixture to visible or UV light under reaction condition sufficient to reduce the aromatic substrate compound.

Provided herein are processes for preparing fluorescent 1-cyano-2-substituted isoindole compounds or N-substituted phthalazinium compounds, comprising reacting an aromatic dialdehyde or aromatic aldehyde-ketone compound with a material that contains primary amino or hydrazine groups, and assaying methods involving the processes thereof.

Provided herein are processes for preparing fluorescent 1-cyano-2-substituted isoindole compounds or N-substituted phthalazinium compounds, comprising reacting an aromatic dialdehyde or aromatic aldehyde-ketone compound with a material that contains primary amino or hydrazine groups, and assaying methods involving the processes thereof.