The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

The disclosure features novel lipids and compositions involving the same. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) include a novel lipid as well as additional lipids such as phospholipids, structural lipids, and PEG lipids. Lipid nanoparticles (e.g., empty LNPs or loaded LNPs) further including therapeutic and/or prophylactics such as RNA are useful in the delivery of therapeutic and/or prophylactics to mammalian cells or organs to, for example, regulate polypeptide, protein, or gene expression.

The present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (VIA), Formula (IIIA), Formula (IVA), and Formula (VA). The compounds are prodrugs of alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketobutryrate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, and alpha-ketoisohexanoate, which are useful in treating or preventing age related diseases, disorders, or conditions. ##STR00001##

The present disclosure provides compounds of Formula (VIA), Formula (IIIA), Formula (IVA), and Formula (VA). The compounds are prodrugs of alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-ketobutryrate, alpha-ketoisovalerate, and alpha-ketoisohexanoate, which are useful in treating or preventing age related diseases, disorders, or conditions. ##STR00001##

A process for removing lactic acid from an aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution, the weight ratio of magnesium chloride to lactic acid in the aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution being at least 1:1, the process including the steps of subjecting the aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution to an evaporation step, resulting in the formation of a slurry of MgC12.MgL2.4H2O in an aqueous magnesium chloride solution, then subjecting the slurry to a solid-liquid separation step, to separate the solid MgC12.MgL2.4H2O from the aqueous magnesium chloride solution, resulting in the removal of lactic acid from the aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution in the form of MgC12.MgL2.4H2O. The process makes it possible to efficiently remove lactic acid from aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solutions, resulting in magnesium chloride solutions with a low lactic acid content which can be further processed as desired.

A process for removing lactic acid from an aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution, the weight ratio of magnesium chloride to lactic acid in the aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution being at least 1:1, the process including the steps of subjecting the aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution to an evaporation step, resulting in the formation of a slurry of MgC12.MgL2.4H2O in an aqueous magnesium chloride solution, then subjecting the slurry to a solid-liquid separation step, to separate the solid MgC12.MgL2.4H2O from the aqueous magnesium chloride solution, resulting in the removal of lactic acid from the aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solution in the form of MgC12.MgL2.4H2O. The process makes it possible to efficiently remove lactic acid from aqueous lactic acid-containing magnesium chloride solutions, resulting in magnesium chloride solutions with a low lactic acid content which can be further processed as desired.

The present invention discloses a synthesis method of lactide by confinement effect catalysis of crystalline porous polymer material, wherein the method comprising: (I) synthesis of catalyst; (II) synthesis of lactide by confinement effect catalysis; and (III) purification of lactide. In the present invention, a yield of L-lactide by catalysis of L-lactic acid by crystalline polymers is as high as 85.6%, which is 10% higher than the yield of lactide by H-β molecular sieve reported in documents currently available; it is easy to prepare the crystalline porous polymer material catalyst, which is environmental friendly, has a high yield and is recyclable, for consecutive 7 times the catalysis yield is maintained to be higher than 70%, and catalysis yield conservation rate is far higher than catalysis effects of catalysts reported in documents currently available.

The present invention discloses a synthesis method of lactide by confinement effect catalysis of crystalline porous polymer material, wherein the method comprising: (I) synthesis of catalyst; (II) synthesis of lactide by confinement effect catalysis; and (III) purification of lactide. In the present invention, a yield of L-lactide by catalysis of L-lactic acid by crystalline polymers is as high as 85.6%, which is 10% higher than the yield of lactide by H-β molecular sieve reported in documents currently available; it is easy to prepare the crystalline porous polymer material catalyst, which is environmental friendly, has a high yield and is recyclable, for consecutive 7 times the catalysis yield is maintained to be higher than 70%, and catalysis yield conservation rate is far higher than catalysis effects of catalysts reported in documents currently available.

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same for the inhibition of GPR84, and the treatment of GPR84-mediated disorders.

The present invention provides compounds, compositions thereof, and methods of using the same for the inhibition of GPR84, and the treatment of GPR84-mediated disorders.