One aspect of the invention provides a composition of novel high penetration compositions (HPC) or a high penetration prodrug (HPP) for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The HPCs/HPPs are capable of being converted to parent active drugs or drug metabolites after crossing the biological barrier and thus can render treatments for the conditions that the parent drugs or metabolites can. Additionally, the HPPs are capable of reaching areas that parent drugs may not be able to access or to render a sufficient concentration at the target areas and therefore render novel treatments. The HPCs/HPPs can be administered to a subject through various administration routes, e.g., locally delivered to an action site of a condition with a high concentration or systematically administered to a biological subject and enter the general circulation with a faster rate.

One aspect of the invention provides a composition of novel high penetration compositions (HPC) or a high penetration prodrug (HPP) for treatment of Parkinson's disease. The HPCs/HPPs are capable of being converted to parent active drugs or drug metabolites after crossing the biological barrier and thus can render treatments for the conditions that the parent drugs or metabolites can. Additionally, the HPPs are capable of reaching areas that parent drugs may not be able to access or to render a sufficient concentration at the target areas and therefore render novel treatments. The HPCs/HPPs can be administered to a subject through various administration routes, e.g., locally delivered to an action site of a condition with a high concentration or systematically administered to a biological subject and enter the general circulation with a faster rate.

A salt represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon group in which a methylene group may be replaced by a —O— or —CO—; m and n independently represent 1 or 2; Ar represents an optionally substituted phenyl group; Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2 independently represent a fluorine atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 perfluoroalkyl group, A.sup.1 represents a single bond, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.24 alkanediyl group or the like, and Y represents an optionally substituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 alkyl group or monovalent C.sub.3 to C.sub.18 alicyclic hydrocarbon group, and a methylene group therein may be replaced by a —O—, O— or —SO.sub.2—, provided that the alkyl group or the alicyclic hydrocarbon group has at least one substituent, or at least one methylene group contained therein is replaced by a —O—, —CO— or —SO.sub.2—.

A salt represented by formula (I): ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.12 hydrocarbon group in which a methylene group may be replaced by a —O— or —CO—; m and n independently represent 1 or 2; Ar represents an optionally substituted phenyl group; Q.sup.1 and Q.sup.2 independently represent a fluorine atom or a C.sub.1 to C.sub.6 perfluoroalkyl group, A.sup.1 represents a single bond, a C.sub.1 to C.sub.24 alkanediyl group or the like, and Y represents an optionally substituted C.sub.1 to C.sub.18 alkyl group or monovalent C.sub.3 to C.sub.18 alicyclic hydrocarbon group, and a methylene group therein may be replaced by a —O—, O— or —SO.sub.2—, provided that the alkyl group or the alicyclic hydrocarbon group has at least one substituent, or at least one methylene group contained therein is replaced by a —O—, —CO— or —SO.sub.2—.

Curatives and their resulting thermosets and other crosslinked polymers can reduce thermal expansion mismatch between an encapsulant and objects that are encapsulated. This can be accomplished by incorporating a negative CTE moiety into the thermoset resin or polymer backbone. The negative CTE moiety can be a thermal contractile unit that shrinks as a result of thermally induced conversion from a twist-boat to chair or cis/trans isomerization upon heating. Beyond CTE matching, other potential uses for these crosslinked polymers and thermosets include passive energy generation, energy absorption at high strain rates, mechanophores, actuators, and piezoelectric applications.

Curatives and their resulting thermosets and other crosslinked polymers can reduce thermal expansion mismatch between an encapsulant and objects that are encapsulated. This can be accomplished by incorporating a negative CTE moiety into the thermoset resin or polymer backbone. The negative CTE moiety can be a thermal contractile unit that shrinks as a result of thermally induced conversion from a twist-boat to chair or cis/trans isomerization upon heating. Beyond CTE matching, other potential uses for these crosslinked polymers and thermosets include passive energy generation, energy absorption at high strain rates, mechanophores, actuators, and piezoelectric applications.

A method for detecting phospholipase D (PLD) activity in a cell, comprising: (i) stimulating endogenous PLD in said cell for said PLD to catalyze a transphosphatidylation reaction between phosphatidylcholine or a derivative thereof and an exogenous functionalized alcohol to form a phosphatidyl alcohol, wherein the functionalized alcohol possesses a first functional group that can react with and form a bond to a functionalized detectable label having a second functional group reactive with the first functional group, and said phosphatidyl alcohol contains said first functional group in available form; (ii) reacting said phosphatidyl alcohol with said functionalized detectable label under conditions where said functionalized detectable label reacts, via its second functional group, with the first functional group to form a linkage between said detectable label and said phosphatidyl alcohol so as to form a labeled phosphatidyl alcohol containing said detectable label; and (iii) detecting said labeled phosphatidyl alcohol.

A method for detecting phospholipase D (PLD) activity in a cell, comprising: (i) stimulating endogenous PLD in said cell for said PLD to catalyze a transphosphatidylation reaction between phosphatidylcholine or a derivative thereof and an exogenous functionalized alcohol to form a phosphatidyl alcohol, wherein the functionalized alcohol possesses a first functional group that can react with and form a bond to a functionalized detectable label having a second functional group reactive with the first functional group, and said phosphatidyl alcohol contains said first functional group in available form; (ii) reacting said phosphatidyl alcohol with said functionalized detectable label under conditions where said functionalized detectable label reacts, via its second functional group, with the first functional group to form a linkage between said detectable label and said phosphatidyl alcohol so as to form a labeled phosphatidyl alcohol containing said detectable label; and (iii) detecting said labeled phosphatidyl alcohol.

The invention relates to purely organic emitter molecules of a new type according to formula I and to the use thereof in optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), comprising donor D: an aromatic or heteraromatic chemical group on which the HOMO is located and which optionally has at least one substitution; acceptor A: an aromatic or heteromatic chemical group on which the LUMO is located and which optionally has at least one substitution; bridge B1, bridge B2: organic groups that link the donor D and the acceptor A in a non-conjugated manner; wherein in particular the energy difference ΔE(S.sub.1−T.sub.1) between the lowest excited singlet (S1) state of the organic emitter molecule and the triplet (T1) state of the organic emitter molecule lying thereunder is less than 2000 cm.sup.−1.

The invention relates to purely organic emitter molecules of a new type according to formula I and to the use thereof in optoelectronic devices, in particular in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), comprising donor D: an aromatic or heteraromatic chemical group on which the HOMO is located and which optionally has at least one substitution; acceptor A: an aromatic or heteromatic chemical group on which the LUMO is located and which optionally has at least one substitution; bridge B1, bridge B2: organic groups that link the donor D and the acceptor A in a non-conjugated manner; wherein in particular the energy difference ΔE(S.sub.1−T.sub.1) between the lowest excited singlet (S1) state of the organic emitter molecule and the triplet (T1) state of the organic emitter molecule lying thereunder is less than 2000 cm.sup.−1.